Documents for "European Art, 1600 to the Present: Biographies":

• Álvarez, José (José Álvarez de Pereira y Cubero) , 1768-1827, Spanish neoclassical sculptor. He was a follower of Canova. Álvarez was employed on the decoration of the Quirinal Palace in Rome. On returning to Madrid he became director of the...

• Étex, Antoine 1808-88, French sculptor, painter, and architect. A pupil of Ingres, he is best known as a sculptor. Among his works are two large groups, Resistance and Peace, on the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile,...

• Štursa, Jan 1880-1925, Czech sculptor. His early work shows the influence of Rodin. Among his works are The Melancholy Girl, Primavera, Eve, and a monument to Hana Kvapilova, a Czech actress.

• Abildgaard, Nikolaj Abraham 1743-1809, Danish painter of the neoclassical school. He was a student of Eckersberg. Among his own pupils was Thorvaldsen, whom he greatly influenced. Abildgaard's work may be seen in the House...

• Aleijadinho [Port.,=little cripple], 1730-1814, Brazilian sculptor. His real name was Antônio Francisco Lisboa. Although he was maimed in hands and feet, he is known for the brilliance of his church sculpture...

• Algardi, Alessandro 1595-1654, Italian sculptor and designer, b. Bologna. He studied under Lodovico Carracci. In Rome his friend Domenichino obtained his first commissions for him, the Magdalene and St. John statues for San Silvestro al Quirinale. When Bernini temporarily fell from favor, Algardi replaced him c.1644 as the most important sculptor in Rome under Pope Innocent X and received numerous...

• Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence 1836-1912, English painter, b. Friesland. He studied in Belgium, where he lived until 1869. In that year he went to England; there he became a citizen and enjoyed a long popularity and many...

• Anguier, François 1604-69, French sculptor. He is noted for the monuments of the Longuevilles and of Jacques Souvré (Louvre). His most ambitious work is probably the mausoleum of Henri II, duc de Montmorency, in...

• Appel, Karel 1921-2006, Dutch painter. A member of CoBrA, the European group of the late 1940s to early 1950s allied with abstract expressionism , Appel reacted against the austerity of such earlier Dutch abstraction as that of de Stijl . Characterized by informal brush work, bright, bold color, and a slashing line, Appel's paintings often possess a primal, childlike quality. Later in life Appel turned to creating figurative...

• Appiani, Andrea 1754-1817, Italian neoclassical painter and Italian court painter of Napoleon I, active in Lombardy. His frescoes include work in churches and palaces of Milan. In his portraits his style...

• Archipenko, Alexander 1887-1964, Ukrainian-American sculptor, b. Kiev. He moved to Moscow in 1906 and to Paris in 1908. There he began to adapt cubist technique to sculpture. In 1910 he opened his own art school in...

• Arp, Jean 1887-1966, French sculptor and painter. Arp was connected with the Blaue Reiter in Munich, various avant-garde groups in Paris, including the surrealists, and the Dadaists in Zürich. He consistently created novel and abstract forms in various media—bas-reliefs, collages,...

• Arpino, Cavaliere d' see Cesari, Giuseppe.

• Arundel, Thomas Howard, earl of 1585-1646, first great English art collector and patron of arts. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he married a goddaughter of Queen Elizabeth and was always closely connected with the court...

• Auberjonois, René Victor 1872-1957, Swiss artist. Auberjonois settled in Lausanne in 1914 and created costumes for Stravinsky's Histoire du Soldat (1917). His paintings, characterized by muted colors and geometric forms,...

• Böcklin, Arnold 1827-1901, Swiss painter. Most of his life was spent in Italy. With Feuerbach he led the group of painters known as "German Romans," who attempted to express an idealistic philosophy through art....

• Baciccio, Il see Gaulli, Giovanni Battista.

• Backhuysen, Ludolf 1631-1708, Dutch marine painter. He is best known for his scenes of stormy seas. In later years Backhuysen also did some etching and engraving of marine views. He was the foremost follower of...

• Bacon, Francis 1910-92, English painter, b. Dublin. A self-taught artist, Bacon became the center of a storm of controversy with his Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion (1944; Tate Gall., London), which portrayed carcasslike figures on crosses. He painted a series of variations on figural themes, e.g., Van Gogh Goes to Work, Velázquez's Innocent X. Often large in scale, Bacon's works focus on shockingly grotesque and brutally satiric themes. From the 1950s on his images become increasingly distorted and abstract, sometimes merging human and...

• Baily, Edward Hodges 1788-1867, English sculptor. He studied under Flaxman. One of his best works is the statue of Admiral Nelson in Trafalgar Square, London. Other works include decorations for Buckingham Palace;...

• Bakhuyzen, Ludolf see Backhuysen, Ludolf.

• Bakst, Lev Nikolayevich 1868-1924, Russian scene designer and painter. His original, imaginative style and brilliant color exerted a wide influence on costume, stage setting, and the decorative arts. His set and costume...

• Baldinucci, Abate Filippo 1624-96, Italian art historian and philologist. Baldinucci was a pioneer in research techniques and among the first to emphasize the aesthetic importance of the print. An artistic adviser to the...

• Balen, Hendrik van 1575-1632, Flemish painter, b. Antwerp. Van Balen usually provided the figures for scenes in which another painter, frequently Jan Brueghel, designed the landscape settings. A minor artist, van...

• Balthus (Count Balthasar Klossowski de Rola) , 1908-2001, Polish-French painter, b. Paris. Balthus is widely regarded as one of the most important figurative painters of the modern era. He began painting as a young man and had his first...

• Bamboccianti see Laer, Pieter van.

• Bamboccio, Il see Laer, Pieter van.

• Banks, Thomas 1735-1805, English neoclassical sculptor, studied at the Royal Academy. A traveling scholarship enabled him to study in Rome from 1772 to 1779. In 1781 he went to Russia, where Catherine II bought...

• Barbieri, Giovanni Francesco see Guercino.

• Barlach, Ernst 1870-1938, German expressionist sculptor, graphic artist, and writer. After studying at the Dresden Art Academy he lived in Paris (1895-96) and in Berlin, Hamburg, and other German cities. A trip...

• Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste 1834-1904, French sculptor, b. Colmar, Alsace. He studied painting under Ary Scheffer but turned to sculpture. Among his many works is a colossal group, Switzerland Succoring Strasbourg, presented by France to Switzerland and now at Basel. His monuments and statues include those of Martin Schongauer at Colmar, Vercingetorix at Clermont-Ferrand, and Lafayette and Washington at...

• Bartlett, William Henry 1800-1854, English painter and illustrator. After four visits to the United States, Bartlett illustrated a book, American Scenery (1840), with panoramic vistas of the American landscape. During his...

• Bartolini, Lorenzo 1777-1850, Italian neoclassical sculptor, studied in Florence and Paris. His most imposing creation is the Niccolò Demidoff monument in Florence. Napoleon commissioned many works from him. Among...

• Bartolozzi, Francesco 1727-1815, Italian engraver. In Florence he studied drawing and painting and formed a lifelong friendship with Cipriani, most of whose plates he later engraved. In 1764 he went to London, where he...

• Bartsch, Adam von (Johann Adam Bernhard von Bartsch) , 1757-1821, Austrian engraver, etcher, and writer. His critical catalog, Le Peintre Graveur (21 vol., 1803-21), is still authoritative. Bartsch executed over 500...

• Barye, Antoine Louis 1796-1875, French animal sculptor. Son of a Parisian goldsmith, he followed his father's trade as a youth. In 1832 he exhibited at the Salon his Lion and Serpent (Tuileries), which won him recognition; but only late in life did he achieve fame and free himself from debt. His simple, romantic, and forceful studies of animals or groups of animals were often...

• Baselitz, Georg 1938-, German artist, b. Deutschbaselitz, Germany, as Hans-Georg Dern. A leading figure in the neoexpressionist movement (see neoexpressionism ), he studied painting (1956-57) in East Berlin and moved to West Berlin in 1957. Since his first one-man exhibition (1961), he has become one of Germany's most prolific and best-known artists. His...

• Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo 1708-87, Italian painter. Batoni studied and worked in Rome, learning much from the work of Corregio and Raphael. His paintings tend toward the neoclassical, a style echoing that of Mengs. Among...

• Baumeister, Willi 1889-1955, German artist. Influenced by primitive art and Miro's surrealism , Baumeister created abstractions that contain mechanical and organic forms. In later works (e.g., Reddish Relief with Sand,...

• Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent 1872-98, English illustrator and writer, b. Brighton. Beardsley exemplifies the aesthetic movement in English art of the 1890s (see decadents ). In his short working span of only six years, he developed a superbly artificial and graphic manner, expressed in flat, linear, black-and-white designs. His works were by turns erotic and cruel in...

• Beckmann, Max 1884-1950, German painter. A member of the Berlin secession from 1908 to 1911, he was impressionistic in his early style. A subsequent expressionistic phase was altered c.1917 by the savage new objectivity of George Grosz. Beckmann developed a richer, more personal, more dramatic, and more symbolic art in the 1920s. The power of his allegorical expressionism increased through the war years, which, after fleeing Nazi...

• Bella, Stefano della 1610-64, Italian engraver, b. Florence. First copying the manner of Jacques Callot, his style changed somewhat when he traveled to Rome, Paris, and the Netherlands. He was adept at landscapes,...

• Bellotto, Bernardo 1720-80, Venetian architectural and landscape painter, also called Canaletto, after his uncle and teacher Canaletto. His paintings, at first resembling those of his master, are numerous and may be seen in most of the leading European museums. They usually depict scenes in the cities in which Bellotto resided. In...

• Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo 1598-1680, Italian sculptor and architect, b. Naples. He was the dominant figure of the Italian baroque. After receiving early training from his father, Pietro (1562-1629), an accomplished Florentine sculptor, Bernini worked mainly in Rome. Many of his early statues, such as the David (before 1623-24), Rape of Proserpine (1622), and Apollo and Daphne (1625), were done for Scipione Cardinal Borghese, one of the most important patrons of the period. These are all in the Borghese Gallery, Rome. Popes Urban VIII, Innocent X, and Alexander VII gave...

• Berrettini, Pietro see Cortona , Pietro Berrettini da.

• Bertoldo di Giovanni c.1420-91, Italian sculptor. A pupil and assistant to Donatello and later the teacher of Michelangelo, Bertoldo was employed by the Medici to supervise instruction in sculpture and care for their...

• Besnard, Paul Albert 1849-1934, French painter, studied with Legros and Cabanel and in Italy. He enjoyed many official honors and was the last important academic painter. His Woman Warming Herself (1866) is in the Louvre....

• Beuys, Joseph 1921-86, German artist, b. Krefeld; one of the most influential of postmodern artists. Drafted into the Luftwaffe during World War II, he was wounded several times and in 1943 was shot down over...

• Beverloo, Cornelis van see Corneille.

• Bewick, Thomas 1753-1828, English wood engraver. Bewick pioneered in the revival of original wood engraving. Among his famous early works are his illustrations for Gay's Fables (1779) and Select Fables (1784)...

• Bibbiena, Galli da see Bibiena, Galli da.

• Bibiena, Galli da family of Italian artists of the 17th and 18th cent. Giovanni Maria Galli da Bibiena, 1625-65, studied with Francesco Albani and painted chiefly altarpieces, examples of which are to be seen in the churches of Bologna. His son, Ferdinando Galli Bibiena, 1657-1743, the most renowned of the group, became celebrated throughout Europe for his architectural views and theatrical designs and for his magnificent decorations for public and court...

• Blunt, Anthony Frederick 1907-83, English art historian and Soviet spy, grad. Cambridge Univ. Director of the Courtauld Institute of Art after 1947 and professor of the history of art at the Univ. of London, Blunt also...

• Boccioni, Umberto 1882-1916, Italian futurist painter and sculptor. He played a primary role in the drafting of the manifesto of futurism in 1910 and was the major figure in the movement until 1914. In his famous, characteristic painting, The City Rises (1910; Mus. of Modern Art, New York City), he interpreted powerfully the technological turbulence of modern civilization. Influenced by Medardo Rosso, Boccioni turned to sculpture in 1912 and...

• Bode, Wilhelm von 1845-1929, German art critic and writer. He abandoned law for art and archaeology in 1869. In 1872 he was made assistant in the Berlin Museum; in 1883, director of the department of Christian...

• Boecklin, Arnold see Böcklin, Arnold.

• Bol, Ferdinand 1616-80, Dutch painter. He studied with Rembrandt in Amsterdam, and his early work (e.g., Elizabeth Bas, Amsterdam) has sometimes been confused with that of his master. His style was modified after 1650 through contact with van der Helst. Thereafter he moved away from a preoccupation with...

• Boldini, Giovanni 1842-1931, Italian portrait painter. Having worked in Florence and London, he reached his peak of creativity and success in Paris, painting romantic vignettes and portraits. His works are...

• Bomberg, David 1890-1957, English artist. Bomberg was apprenticed to a lithographer in 1905 and studied under Walter Sickert at the Westminster School of Art. His abstract works are filled with angular forms and...

• Bonheur, Rosa 1822-99, French painter of animals. She was a pupil of her father, Raymond Bonheur. Her paintings were regularly exhibited in the Salon from 1841. Bonheur's informed and sympathetic pictures of...

• Bonichi, Gino see Scipione.

• Bonington, Richard Parkes 1802-28, English painter. Moving to Calais at the age of 15, his first art study was with Louis Francia, who taught him watercolor and lithography. Bonington studied in Paris at the École des...

• Bonnard, Pierre 1867-1947, French painter, lithographer, and illustrator. In the 1890s he was associated with the Nabis. His delight in familiar views of everyday life was transmitted to canvas with joy and gentle fantasy. Sometimes called an intimist, he explored the play of sunlight in domestic interiors in an...

• Bonnat, Léon Joseph Florentin 1833-c.1922, French portrait and historical painter. He is best known for his portraits of famous men, including Thiers, Victor Hugo, and Dumas fils. Bonnat is represented in the Metropolitan...

• Borenius, Tancred 1885-1948, art historian and teacher, b. Finland. He became professor of the history of art at University College, London, in 1922. In 1933 he became director of the excavations of Clarendon...

• Bosio, François Joseph, Baron 1769-1845, French sculptor. He was employed by Napoleon I to make the bas-reliefs for the column of the Place Vendôme and also as portraitist to the imperial family. At that time he produced one...

• Bosse, Abraham 1602-76, French engraver and painter. He studied art in Paris and became a teacher of perspective in the Académie royale. A prolific and skillful worker, he engraved more than 1,400 pieces. He is...

• Bouchardon, Edmé 1698-1762, French sculptor; pupil of Guillaume Coustou. He is known for his fountain in the Rue de Grenelle, Paris, and for numerous works at Versailles, in the Louvre, and in Saint-Sulpice,...

• Boucher, François 1703-70, French painter. Boucher's art embodied the spirit of his time; it was elegant, frivolous, and artificial. He studied briefly with François Le Moyne but was also influenced by Watteau,...

• Boudin, Eugène Louis 1824-98, French painter. He began painting at 25 in Paris. His best-known paintings are beach scenes of Brittany, Normandy, and the Netherlands. Noted for the pervasive clarity and directness of...

• Bouguereau, Adolphe William 1825-1905, French academic painter. He won the Prix de Rome in 1850 and became extremely popular during the 1860s and 70s. He is famous for his nudes and for his historical and religious...

• Bourdelle, Émile Antoine 1861-1929, French sculptor; son of a cabinetmaker of Montauban. He went to Paris in 1884, where he studied successively under Falguière, Dalou, and Rodin. Bourdelle differed sharply from Rodin in...

• Bourdon, Sébastien 1616-71, French painter. Bourdon was active in Rome (1634-37), in Sweden (1652-54) as Queen Christina's court portrait painter, and in Paris; he also worked in his native Montpellier, where he...

• Boutet de Monvel, Louis Maurice 1851-1913, French painter and illustrator. His fame rests chiefly on his decorative illustrations for children's books and his charming watercolors, e.g., Chansons et rondes pour les enfants, Chansons...

• Boydell, John 1719-1804, English engraver and print publisher, originator and builder of the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery. He studied engraving in London and early began to amass his fortune with the publication...

• Bracquemond, Félix 1833-1914, French engraver, painter, and decorator of ceramics. He is best known for his many etchings, both original and reproductions of famous paintings. Bracquemond was a chief founder of the...

• Brancusi, Constantin 1876-1957, Romanian sculptor. Brancusi is considered one of the foremost of modern artists. In 1904 he went to Paris, where he worked under Mercié. He declined Rodin's invitation to work in his...

• Braque, Georges 1882-1963, French painter. He joined the artists involved in developing fauvism in 1905, and at l'Estaque c.1909 he was profoundly influenced by Cézanne. He met Picasso, and the two simultaneously explored form and structure with results that led to the development of cubism. In works such as the monumental Nude (1907-8; Cuttoli Coll., Paris) Braque exemplified the analytical phase of the movement with his keen sense of structure and orderly method of decomposing an object. In 1911 he introduced...

• Brauwer, Adriaen see Brouwer, Adriaen.

• Breton, Jules Adolphe Aimé Louis 1827-1906, French painter of rustic scenes and peasant life. His works frequently reflect a social and humanitarian concern. Breton was the author of two autobiographies.

• Bridges, Charles fl. 1683-1740, English portrait painter, active (c.1735-c.1740) in Virginia. He was the most skillful practitioner of aristocratic portrait painting in the South. Among the works attributed to him...

• Briggs, Clare A. 1875-1930, American cartoonist, b. Reedsburg, Wis. He won a national reputation with the contributions he made to the Chicago Tribune from 1907 to 1914. From 1914 until his death his cartoons appeared...

• Brock, Sir Thomas 1847-1922, English sculptor. One of the leading sculptors under the reign of Victoria, he enjoyed a long and successful career. He became an Academician in 1891 and was knighted in 1911. His bust...

• Brouwer, Adriaen c.1606-1638, Flemish painter who worked in Haarlem. He studied with Hals at the same time as did the young Ostade, and the influence of their two styles, as well as that of Rubens, is apparent in...

• Brown, Ford Madox 1821-93, English historical painter, b. Calais, France. Although closely affiliated with the Pre-Raphaelites in London, he never joined the brotherhood. Examples of his paintings are Work (1852-63;...

• Browne, Hablot Knight pseud. Phiz, 1815-82, English illustrator. At 21 he was chosen by Charles Dickens to illustrate Pickwick Papers. His success was immediate, and in due course he illustrated many of Dickens's novels...

• Bruyn, Cornelis de 1652-c.1726, Dutch portrait painter and traveler. He painted for some years in Italy, where he was known, in Rome, as Adonis. Bruyn is remembered chiefly for the records of his extensive travels...

• Buffet, Bernard 1928-, French painter. Buffet's melancholy paintings are characterized by a prominent black line and grayed, muddied colors. His subjects include still life, city scenes, and figures. Buffet...

• Burne-Jones, Sir Edward 1833-98. English painter and decorator, b. Birmingham. Expected to enter the Church, he went to Exeter College, Oxford, where he met William Morris , who became his lifelong friend. He left Oxford to study painting with Rossetti in London and joined the Pre-Raphaelites. Burne-Jones's early work shows Rossetti's strong influence, which was later replaced by his emulation of Botticelli and Mantegna. Burne-Jones rose to success in 1877 with the opening of the...

• Busch, Wilhelm 1832-1908, German cartoonist, painter, and poet. After studying at the academies of Antwerp, Düsseldorf, and Munich, he joined the staff of the Fliegende Blätter, to which he contributed...

• Byström, John Niklas 1783-1848, Swedish sculptor. He spent part of his life in Rome. Byström made colossal statues of kings of Sweden for Stockholm, but he was most successful in portraying women and children.

• Cézanne, Paul 1839-1906, French painter, b. Aix-en-Provence. Cézanne was the leading figure in the revolution toward abstraction in modern painting.

• Caffieri French family of artists. Philippe Caffieri, 1634-1716, left Italy to enter the service of Louis XIV at the Gobelin factory. He and a son, Jacques Caffieri, 1678-1755, were employed by the architect Le Brun to make adornments for the palace and gardens at Versailles. Philippe is recorded as having made carved wood decorations for the ambassadors'...

• Calabrese, Il see Preti, Mattia.

• Caldecott, Randolph 1846-86, English artist and illustrator. He is famous for his drawings of contemporary English country life and for his charming and humorous illustrations, including those for Washington Irving's...

• Callot, Jacques c.1592-1635, French etcher and engraver, b. Nancy. Callot was an influential innovator and a brilliant observer of his time. In 1612 he went to Florence where he learned to etch and where he...

• Calvert, Edward 1799-1883, English painter and engraver. A great admirer of William Blake, Calvert, along with several of his contemporaries, formed a group around Blake called the Brotherhood of the Ancients...

• Canal, Antonio see Canaletto.

• Canaletto 1697-1768, Venetian painter, whose original name was Antonio Canal. He studied with his father, Bernardo Canal, a theatrical scene painter, and spent several years in Rome. Returning to Venice, he...

• Cano, Alonso 1601-67, Spanish baroque painter, sculptor, and architect. Cano studied under Pacheco and received painting and architecture commissions from King Philip IV. He was named chief architect of the...

• Canova, Antonio 1757-1822, Italian sculptor. He was a leading exponent of the neoclassical school whose influence on the art of his time was enormous. Canova's monumental statues and bas-reliefs are executed with...

• Carducci, Bartolomeo 1560-1638, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect in Spain. He studied with Federigo Zuccaro, whom he accompanied (1585) to the court of Madrid. He assisted Tibaldi in decorating the library...

• Carducho, Bartolomeo see Carducci, Bartolomeo.

• Carolus-Duran 1837-1917, French painter whose original name was Charles Auguste Émile Durand. He was influenced by Courbet and studied in Lille and Paris. In 1861 he won a pension and traveled in Italy and...

• Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste 1827-75, French sculptor and painter. He studied with François Rude and won the Prix de Rome. Carpeaux rose to fame with his Ugolino (1860-62; Louvre) and became a favorite of the Second Empire,...

• Carrà, Carlo 1881-1966, Italian painter. Trained as a decorator, he became associated with the artists involved in the development of futurism. His The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (1911; Mus. of Modern Art, New York City) typifies the energy of the movement. He then moved toward a more carefully structured art form, related to cubism but concerned with the dynamics of...

• Carreño de Miranda, Juan 1614-85, Spanish baroque painter. A protégé of Velázquez, Carreño eventually succeeded his master as painter to the Spanish court. He is best known for his elegant portraits, such as that of the...

• Carrière, Eugène 1849-1906, French painter and lithographer. He is best known for his spiritual interpretations of maternity and family life. Characteristic are his Crucifixion and Maternity (both: Louvre). He also painted some large canvases for the Sorbonne and the Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Among his works are many notable portraits, including those of Verlaine, Daudet, and Edmond de...

• Carriera, Rosalba 1675-1757, Italian portrait and miniature painter, one of the greatest of her day. At 24 she had achieved a reputation throughout Italy and abroad for her miniatures and crayon portraits. In 1705...

• Carstens, Asmus Jacob 1754-98, German historical painter and engraver, b. Schleswig. He studied in Copenhagen and in Italy. He was influenced by the work of Giulio Romano. Carstens was a popular professor at the Berlin...

• Casorati, Felice 1886-1963, Italian painter. Influenced by Beardsley and other English engravers, Casorati, together with Carrà , was involved in the symbolist movement. He was instrumental in the formation...

• Cassandre, Adolphe Mouron 1901-68, French poster artist, b. Russia. By 1923 he was celebrated as the artist of Bûcheron [woodcutter], a poster made for a cabinetmaker. Later works include posters for tennis matches, fairs, magazines, wines, shoes, horse races, steamships, and railways. Cassandre's originality made...

• Castello, Valerio see Castello, Bernardo.

• Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto 1610?-1670, Italian painter and engraver of the Genoese school, called Il Grechetto. In his later years Castiglione was court painter at Mantua. He is best known for his landscapes and rural...

• Cattermole, George 1800-1868, English watercolor painter and illustrator. His subject matter was varied, and his works were popular during his lifetime. He painted picturesque scenes of antique subjects in a romantic...

• Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista 1820-97, Italian art critic and writer. Cavalcaselle studied painting at the Academy of Venice and traveled extensively through Italy studying its art treasures. He participated in the Revolution...

• Cavaliere d'Arpino see Cesari, Giuseppe.

• Cavedone, Giacomo 1577-1660, Italian painter, of the Bolognese school. He assisted Guido Reni in Rome, but his reputation as a master of color and composition was won through his paintings in the churches of...

• Caylus, Anne Claude Philippe de Tubières, comte de 1692-1765, French archaeologist and antiquarian. Caylus learned drawing from Watteau. He traveled in Europe and Asia and became known as an etcher and as a patron of the arts. He was the champion...

• Cerano, Il see Crespi, Giovanni Battista.

• Cesari, Giuseppe called Cavaliere d'Arpino , 1568-1640, Italian late mannerist painter. Cesari's outstanding works are the frescoes in the Capitol and in the Borghese Chapel, Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome....

• Chéret, Jules 1836-1932, French painter and draftsman, originator of the modern poster. His colorful, sophisticated designs for the theater and opera influenced Toulouse-Lautrec. Chéret introduced color...

• Chabas, Paul Émile 1869-1937, French academic painter. He is remembered chiefly for his nude, September Morn, which created a sensation when it was exhibited in 1912. It was sold to a Russian, hidden during the Russian Revolution, and in 1935 rediscovered in a private collection in Paris. It is now owned...

• Chadwick, Lynn 1914-, English sculptor. After studying architecture, Chadwick began his career as a sculptor in 1945. He first produced wire mobiles , and after 1955 he turned to triangular works of great mass that...

• Chagall, Marc 1887-1985, Russian painter. In 1907, Chagall left his native Vitebsk for St. Petersburg, where he studied under L. N. Bakst. In Paris (1910) he began to assimilate cubist characteristics into his expressionistic style. He is considered a forerunner of surrealism. After some years in Russia, Chagall returned to France in 1922, where he spent most of his life. His frequently repeated subject matter was drawn from Jewish life and folklore; he was particularly...

• Cham pseud. of Amédée de Noé , 1819-79, French caricaturist and lithographer. He abandoned a military career to produce over 4,000 designs, many of them caricatures and sketches of...

• Champagne, Philippe de see Champaigne.

• Champaigne, Philippe de 1602-74, French painter, b. Brussels, of Flemish parents. In 1621 he went to Paris, where he worked with Poussin on the Luxembourg Palace. In 1628 he became painter to the queen, Marie de' Medici...

• Chantrey, Sir Francis Legatt 1781-1841, English sculptor, famous for his portrait busts and statues. Among his many well-known works are equestrian statues of Wellington and George IV (London); and a statue of George...

• Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon 1699-1779, French painter. He was a major figure of 18th-century painting. While the Académie royale still advocated history painting as the noblest form of art, Chardin painted still lifes and...

• Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint 1792-1845, French lithographer and painter. He was famous for his lithographs depicting political and social subjects. Those concerning the Napoleonic Wars are among his best known. Charlet was an...

• Chassériau, Théodore 1819-56, French painter, b. Santo Domingo. He entered Ingres's studio at the age of 12; five years later he gained immediate recognition with the exhibition of his Cain, Cursed and Return of the Prodigal. Chassériau was the only artist of the age who successfully combined Ingres's sense of line and Delacroix's rich color and vitality and, at the same time, created his own personal style. After his...

• Chavannes, Puvis de see Puvis de Chavannes.

• Chevalier, Guillaume Sulpice see Gavarni.

• Chirico, Giorgio de 1888-1978, Italian painter, b. Vólos, Greece. Chirico developed his enigmatic vision in Munich and Italy and from 1911 to 1915 he worked and exhibited in Paris. His powerful, disturbing paintings...

• Chodowiecki, Daniel Nikolaus 1726-1801, German painter and engraver, b. Danzig. He was the most popular illustrator of his day in Prussia. The Departure of Jean Calas (1767) is his most famous painting. It is as an engraver,...

• Cibber, Caius Gabriel 1630-1700, Danish-English sculptor. Cibber was appointed carver to the king's closet for his services to William III of England. He worked for a time for Sir Christopher Wren. Cibber is best known...

• Cignani, Carlo, Conte 1628-1719, Italian historical painter of the Bolognese school. He was a pupil of Francesco Albani. The influence of Guido Reni, Carracci, and particularly of Correggio is apparent in much of his...

• Clark, Kenneth MacKenzie (Lord Clark of Saltwood), 1903-83, English art historian. After working with Bernard Berenson in Florence, Clark was keeper of the department of fine art at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (1931-34)...

• Claude Lorrain whose original name was Claude Gelée or Gellée , 1600-1682, French painter, b. Lorraine. Claude was the foremost landscape painter of his time. In Rome at about 12 years of age he was employed as a pastry cook for the landscape painter Augustino...

• Claude Michel see Clodion.

• Clodion or Claude Michel , 1738-1814, French rococo sculptor. He executed several important commissions under Louis XVI but is best remembered for his bas-reliefs and small figure groups in bronze and terra-cotta...

• Cochin, Charles Nicolas 1715-90, French engraver, designer, writer on art, and painter to the French court. His works, more than 1,500 in number, include historical subjects, such as the Marriage of the Dauphin, vignettes...

• Cocx, Gonzales see Coques, Gonzales.

• Coello, Claudio c.1642-1693, Spanish baroque painter. As court painter to Charles II he decorated many churches and public buildings of Madrid. His most famous work is the monumental altarpiece for the sacristy...

• Coningh, Philips de see Koninck, Philips de.

• Constable, John 1776-1837, English painter, b. Suffolk. Constable and Turner were the leading figures in English landscape painting of the 19th cent. Constable became famous for his landscapes of Suffolk,...

• Conway of Allington, William Martin Conway, 1st Baron 1856-1937, English explorer, art historian, and writer. Conway filled several university positions and in 1918-31 represented the combined English universities as Conservative member in the House...

• Conway, Sir Martin see Conway of Allington, William Martin Conway, 1st Baron.

• Cooper, Alexander see under Cooper, Samuel.

• Cooper, Samuel 1609-72, one of the greatest English miniaturists. A student of Hoskins, he worked in London from c.1642. He painted portraits of numerous celebrated Englishmen. His draftsmanship and unusual use...

• Coques, Gonzales 1614-84, Flemish portrait painter, active in Antwerp and England. He excelled in painting diminutive portraits and family groups of the aristocracy with meticulously executed backgrounds. The...

• Corinth, Lovis 1858-1925, German painter and graphic artist. He studied in Paris and Munich, joined the Berlin secession group, and later succeeded Max Liebermann as president. His early work was naturalistic in...

• Corneille (Cornelis van Beverloo) , 1922-, Belgian painter. Corneille was a member of CoBrA, the European group allied with abstract expressionism. His work is characterized by linear, weblike configurations...

• Cornelius, Peter von 1783-1867, German painter. He studied at Düsseldorf and in Rome, where he joined the German Nazarene group and collaborated with other members in the decoration of the Casa Bartoldy. In 1820 he was commissioned by Louis I of Bavaria to paint the fresco decorations in the Glyptothek, Munich. The Last Judgment was one of his fresco decorations for the Ludwigskirche, Munich. Cornelius believed that art should express noble ideals, and he disdained to work from nature. His favorite themes were religious or...

• Corot, Jean-Baptiste Camille 1796-1875, French landscape painter, b. Paris. Corot was one of the most influential of 19th-century painters. The son of shopkeepers, he worked in textile shops until 1822, when he began to study...

• Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da 1596-1669, Italian baroque painter and architect, b. Cortona. The Barberini family commissioned him to paint frescoes for the vast ceiling of their palace in Rome, which resulted in the exuberant Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power (1633-39). The work, filled with swirling clouds and figures, was one of the most influential of baroque decorative schemes. It is a paramount example of baroque illusionism. In Florence he executed frescoes of the Four Ages and the rich ceiling decoration in the Pitti Palace, the Allegories of the Virtues and Planets. In these seven rooms the ceilings are unified with the structure of the rooms by stucco ornamentation. Pietro's pupil Ciro Ferri (1634-89) completed the work in the Pitti Palace. Almost equally...

• Cosway, Richard 1740?-1821, English miniaturist. His work was elegant and modish and became highly popular in his day. There is a collection of his works in Windsor Castle. Perhaps best known is the portrait of...

• Cotman, John Sell 1782-1842, English landscape painter and etcher. He was a leading representative of the Norwich school. Cotman studied in London and in 1806 settled in Norwich where he opened an art school. He...

• Courbet, Gustave 1819-77, French painter, b. Ornans. He studied in Paris, learning chiefly by copying masterpieces in the Louvre. An avowed realist, Courbet was always at odds with vested authority, aesthetic or...

• Cousins, Samuel 1801-87, English mezzotint engraver. He is famous for his interpretations in mezzotint of the work of Sir Thomas Lawrence, but his plates, over 200 in number, also include reproductions of the...

• Coustou family of French sculptors. Nicolas Coustou, 1658-1733, studied with his uncle, Antoine Coysevox, with whom he later collaborated on the decorations at Marly and at Versailles. He became rector and chancellor of the Académie royale. Among his...

• Couture, Thomas 1815-79, French academic painter. He was a pupil of Gros and Delaroche. He achieved fame with his vast orgy painting, Romans in the Decadence of the Empire (1847; Louvre). Acquiring a great reputation...

• Cox, David 1783-1859, English landscape painter, a follower of John Constable. He is best known for his watercolors of Welsh scenery, of which he produced a great number. Cox is well represented in the...

• Coypel family of French painters. Noël Coypel, 1628-1707, director of the Académie de France à Rome and later of the Académie royale de péinture et de sculpture in Paris, was employed on the decorations of the palaces of the Louvre, Tuileries,...

• Coysevox, Antoine 1640-1720, French sculptor. He enjoyed the patronage of Louis XIV and produced a great part of the sculpture at Versailles. His Winged Horses, at the entrance to the Tuileries gardens, and his portrait and memorial sculptures show free, vigorous, and original treatment. The bust of Condé (Le Havre), that of Colbert (Versailles), and the...

• Cozens, Alexander c.1717-1786, English draftsman and writer, b. Russia. Cozens is thought to have been the first principal English master to work entirely with landscape subjects. He invented a system of "blot" drawings using accidental blots on drawing paper to aid his imagination by suggesting a landscape that could be further developed. In the 1950s his work was exhibited as that of a precursor of the abstract expressionists. He expounded his blot system in his treatise, A New Method of Assisting the Invention in Drawing Original Compositions of Landscape (c.1785). His son, John Robert Cozens, 1752-97, English watercolor landscape artist, is best known for his poetic paintings of the Alps and Italy. His work had an influence on both Turner and Girtin. Examples of his watercolors are in...

• Crane, Walter 1845-1915, English designer, illustrator, and painter. As a painter he is grouped with the later Pre-Raphaelites, but he is better known for his illustrations of the works of Spenser and of...

• Crayer, Gaspar de c.1584-1669, Flemish religious and portrait painter. He was greatly influenced by Rubens. While lacking the genius of Rubens, Crayer almost rivaled him in productivity and maintained a high...

• Crespi, Giovanni Battista c.1575-1632, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the Milanese school. He was also called Il Cerano. His paintings are imbued with a highly dramatic religious fervor, described by broad...

• Crespi, Giuseppe Maria 1665-1747, Italian painter of the Bolognese school, called Lo Spagnuolo. He is well represented in and around Bologna. His best-known works are the imposing paintings of the Seven Sacraments (1712;...

• Crome, John 1768-1821, English landscape painter, b. Norwich. Crome was the principal painter of the Norwich school. He is often called Old Crome to distinguish him from his son who painted in the same manner...

• Cruikshank, George 1792-1878, English caricaturist, illustrator, and etcher; younger son of Isaac Cruikshank (1756-1810), caricaturist. Self-taught, George early gained a reputation for his humorous drawings and...

• Cuyp or Kuyp , family of Dutch painters of Dordrecht. Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp, 1594-c.1651, pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, was a portrait and landscape painter. His stepbrother and pupil,