Documents for "Medicine: Biographies":

• Abbe, Robert 1851-1928, American surgeon, b. New York City, M.D. Columbia, 1874; brother of Cleveland Abbe. He was especially noted as a plastic surgeon and was a pioneer in the use of catgut sutures. A friend of the Curies, Abbe was also one of the first in the United States to use radium in treating...

• Abel, John Jacob 1857-1938, American pharmacologist, b. Cleveland, grad. Univ. of Michigan, 1883, M.D. Univ. of Strasbourg, 1888. Professor of pharmacology (1893-1932) and director of the laboratory for endocrine...

• Abulcasis or Abu Khasim , Arab physician, d. c.1013, b. near Córdoba, Spain. His chief work, a detailed account of surgery and medicine, was for many years the leading surgical textbook. Known as the Tasrif [the collection], it consisted of three parts, dealing with cautery, with surgery, and with fractures and dislocations. It was translated many times into Latin and into other languages. His name...

• Addison, Thomas 1793-1860, English physician, b. near Newcastle, grad. Univ. of Edinburgh (M.D., 1815). In 1837 he became a physician at Guy's Hospital, London, where he conducted important research on pneumonia,...

• Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, Baron 1889-1977, English physiologist, M.D. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1915. He was research professor (1929-37) of the Royal Society and professor of physiology (1937-51) at Cambridge. In 1951 he...

• Aegineta, Paulus see Paul of Aegina.

• Agramonte, Arístides 1869-1931, Cuban physician and pathologist, M.D. Columbia, 1892. A member of the medical corps of the U.S. army, he was appointed pathologist on the Commission on Yellow Fever in Havana, with...

• Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett 1836-1917, English physician. A sister of Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Elizabeth also worked for woman suffrage. With difficulty she obtained a private medical education under accredited physicians...

• Auenbrugger, Leopold 1722-1809, Viennese physician. His findings on the use of percussion in diagnosing chest diseases were published in 1761 (tr. On Percussion of the Chest, 1936). Although ignored for some 40 years,...

• Banting, Sir Frederick Grant 1891-1941, Canadian physician, M.D. Univ. of Toronto, 1922. From 1923 he was professor of medical research at Toronto. Working with C. H. Best under the direction of J. J. R. Macleod, he succeeded...

• Barany, Robert 1876-1936, Austrian physician. For his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus of the ear he received the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. From 1917 until his...

• Barnard, Christiaan Neethling 1922-2001, South African surgeon. The son of a Dutch Reformed minister, Barnard studied medicine at the Univ. of Cape Town (M.B. 1946, M.D. 1953), then came to the United States in 1955 to improve...

• Bartholin renowned Scandinavian family. Kaspar Bartholin, 1585-1629, b. Sweden, was a Danish physician. He was professor of medicine and later of theology at the Univ. of Copenhagen and author of a textbook of anatomy, Institutiones anatomicae (1611). His son, Thomas Bartholin, 1616-80, physician, naturalist, and philologist, was professor of mathematics and of anatomy at the Univ. of Copenhagen. He was the first to describe the entire lymphatic system. Kaspar Bartholin, 1655-1738, a son of Thomas Bartholin, also a professor at the Univ. of Copenhagen, is credited with discovering the glands of Bartholin (a pair of glands of the vagina) and an accessory duct of the...

• Barton, Clara 1821-1912, American humanitarian, organizer of the American Red Cross, b. North Oxford (now Oxford), Mass. She taught school (1839-54) and clerked in the U.S. Patent Office before the outbreak of...

• Bayliss, Sir William Maddock 1860-1924, English physiologist. At University College, London, he investigated the mechanism of heart action, circulation, and digestion. With E. H. Starling he discovered, in 1902, secretin, a...

• Beaumont, William 1785-1853, American physician, b. Lebanon, Conn. He was privately educated and was licensed (1812) to practice in Vermont. His Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion (1833; fac. ed. 1929, with biographical essay by Sir William Osler; repr. 1941) was an exhaustive account of a case famous in medical history. In 1822, while serving as army post surgeon on...

• Behring, Emil Adolph von 1854-1917, German physician. He worked with Kitasato at Koch's laboratory in Berlin and from 1895 was professor of hygiene at Marburg. A pioneer in serum therapy, following the work of P. P. É...

• Bekesy, Georg von 1899-1972, American biophysicist, b. Budapest, Hungary, grad. Univ. of Budapest (Ph.D. 1923). He was (1923-46) a physicist in the research laboratory of the Hungarian telephone system and also...

• Bell, Sir Charles 1774-1842, Scottish anatomist and surgeon. He became professor of anatomy and surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons, London, in 1824 and was professor of surgery at the Univ. of Edinburgh from...

• Benacerraf, Baruj 1920-, American immunologist, b. Caracas, Venezuela, grad. Columbia Univ. (1942). Raised in Paris, he came to the United States at the outset of World War II. He earned his M.D. in 1945 and worked...

• Bernard, Claude 1813-78, French physiologist. He turned from literature to medicine, working in Paris under Magendie and teaching at the Collège de France and at the Sorbonne. One of the great scientific...

• Best, Charles Herbert 1899-1978, Canadian physiologist, b. West Pembroke, Maine. With F. G. Banting he discovered (1921) the use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes. He was appointed professor of physiology at the...

• Bichat, Marie François Xavier 1771-1802, French anatomist and physiologist. He studied the tissues, giving them that name and classifying them into 21 types; this work was the basis of modern histology. He wrote Traité des...

• Black, Greene Vardiman 1836-1915, American dentist, b. Scott co., Ill. Professor at Chicago College of Dental Surgery (now part of Loyola Univ.) from 1883 to 1889 and professor (from 1891) and dean (from 1897) at the...

• Black, Sir James 1924-, Scottish pharmacologist, M.D. Univ. of St. Andrews, 1946. A professor at Kings College Medical School, he shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George Hitchings and Gertrude...

• Blackwell, Elizabeth 1821-1910, American physician, b. England; sister of Henry Brown Blackwell. She was the first woman in the United States to receive a medical degree, which was granted (1849) to her by Geneva Medical College (then part of Geneva College, early name of Hobart). With her...

• Bloch, Konrad Emil 1912-2000, American biochemist, b. Neisse, Germany (now Nysa, Poland). He became a U.S. citizen in 1944. Bloch was educated at Munich and at Columbia (Ph.D., 1938). He taught at Columbia and at the...

• Boerhaave, Hermann 1668-1738, Dutch physician and humanist. One of the most influential clinicians and teachers of the 18th cent., Boerhaave spent almost his entire life in Leiden, which became a leading medical...

• Bordet, Jules 1870-1961, Belgian serologist and immunologist, M.D. Univ. of Brussels, 1892. He became director of the Pasteur Institute in Brussels in 1901 and professor at the Univ. of Brussels in 1907. With...

• Bovet, Daniele 1907-92, Italian pharmacologist, b. Switzerland, D.Sc. Univ. of Geneva, 1929. From 1929 to 1947 he was a researcher and then head of the laboratory of therapeutic chemistry at the Institut Pasteur...

• Boylston, Zabdiel 1679-1766, American physician, b. Brookline, Mass. He was privately educated in medicine and settled in Boston. In an epidemic of smallpox in 1721 he was persuaded by Cotton Mather to inoculate,...

• Bretonneau, Pierre 1778-1862, French physician. He performed (1825) the first successful tracheotomy for laryngeal diphtheria, wrote a treatise (1826) distinguishing between scarlet fever and diphtheria (which he...

• Bright, Richard 1789-1858, English physician. In London he was the leading consultant of his time, and he contributed many important clinical observations. He was the author of the significant Reports of Medical Cases...

• Broca, Paul 1824-80, French pathologist, anthropologist, and pioneer in neurosurgery. A professor in Paris at the Faculty of Medicine and at the Anthropological Institute, he was a founder of the...

• Bronk, Detlev Wulf 1897-1975, American biologist and administrator, b. New York City, grad. Swarthmore College (B.A., 1920), Ph.D. Univ. of Michigan, 1926. He was professor of medical physics at the Univ. of...

• Brown-Séquard, Charles Édouard 1817-94, physiologist, b. Mauritius, of French and American parents. He taught at Harvard (1864-68), practiced medicine in New York City (1873-78), and succeeded (1878) Claude Bernard at the...

• Burnet, Sir Macfarlane 1899-1985, Australian virologist and physician. He was resident pathologist (1923-24) at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and a Beit fellow (1926-27) at the Lister Institute, London. He became...

• Cajal, Santiago Ramón y see Ramón y Cajal.

• Calmette, Léon Charles Albert 1863-1933, French physician and bacteriologist. He was founder and director of the Pasteur institutes at Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) and at Lille. From 1917 he was affiliated with the Pasteur...

• Cannon, Walter Bradford 1871-1945, American physiologist. While still a medical student at Harvard, Cannon was the first to demonstrate (1897) that bismuth could be utilized as a contrast medium in the roentgenologic...

• Carrel, Alexis 1873-1944, American surgeon and experimental biologist, b. near Lyons, France, M.D. Univ. of Lyons, 1900. Coming to the United States in 1905, he joined the staff of the Rockefeller Institute in...

• Carroll, James 1854-1907, American bacteriologist and army surgeon, b. Woolwich, England, M.D. Univ. of Maryland, 1891. He went to Canada at 15 and later joined the U.S. army. A member of the Yellow Fever...

• Castellani, Sir Aldo 1877-1971, British-Italian bacteriologist, b. Florence, Italy. He demonstrated the cause and mode of transmission of sleeping sickness (with Sir David Bruce and David Nabarro, 1903), discovered...

• Celsus, Aulus Cornelius fl. AD 14, Latin encyclopedist. His only extant work, De re medicina, consists of eight books on medicine believed to have been written c.AD 30. He was not esteemed as a scientist in his time, but his was one of the first works to be rediscovered and printed...

• Charcot, Jean Martin 1825-93, French neurologist. He developed at the Salpêtrière in Paris the greatest clinic of his time for diseases of the nervous system. He made many important observations on these diseases,...

• Chauliac, Guy de c.1300-1368, French surgeon. At Avignon he was physician to Pope Clement VI and to two of his successors. His Chirurgia magna (1363) was used as a manual by physicians for three centuries.

• Cohnheim, Julius 1839-84, German experimental histologist and pathologist. In a relatively brief life Cohnheim made a series of remarkable contributions to the rapidly developing science of pathology. In 1863 he...

• Constantinus Africanus c.1010-1087, medical translator and Benedictine monk. The life of Constantinus before his arrival at Salerno c.1070 is obscure. According to the monk who wrote his biography, Constantinus was born...

• Cori, Carl Ferdinand 1896-1984, and Gerty Theresa Cori , 1896-1957, American biochemists, b. Prague. Soon after receiving their medical degrees and marrying, they emigrated to the United States (1922), where they pursued their joint researches into the...

• Cournand, André Frederic 1895-1988, American physician and physiologist, b. France, B.A. Sorbonne, 1913, M.D. Univ. of Paris, 1930. He emigrated to the United States in 1930 and was naturalized in 1941. He was associated...

• Crile, George Washington 1864-1943, American surgeon, b. Coshocton co., Ohio, M.D. Univ. of Wooster medical school (later merged with Western Reserve Univ.), 1887. He taught at the Univ. of Wooster (1889-1900) and at...

• Cruveilhier, Jean 1791-1874, French physician. The first professor of pathology at the Univ. of Paris (from 1836), he introduced the descriptive method into the study of that field. He was the first to describe...

• Cushing, Harvey Williams 1869-1939, American neurosurgeon, b. Cleveland, B.A. Yale, 1891, M.D. Harvard, 1895. Associated with Johns Hopkins (1896-1912), Harvard (1912-32), and Yale (1933-37), he was noted for his great...

• Dale, Sir Henry Hallett 1875-1968, English scientist. For his study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses he shared with Otto Loewi the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He...

• Dam, Henrik 1895-1976, Danish biochemist. He identified vitamin K in 1934 and later investigated the role of vitamin E in nutrition. The 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Dam...

• Dandy, Walter Edward 1886-1946, American neurosurgeon. Having studied with Harvey Cushing at Johns Hopkins Univ., Dandy soon made himself a notable figure in the developing specialty of neurosurgery. His introduction...

• De Bakey, Michael Ellis 1908-, American surgeon. While still at Tulane medical school (M.D., 1932), De Bakey developed an interest in problems relating to heart-lung machines, and he later made refinements in the...

• Dioscorides, Pedanius fl. 1st cent. AD, Greek physician of Anazarbus, Cilicia. While traveling as a surgeon in the Roman army, he collected information on the remedies of the period and wrote a work on materia medica...

• Doisy, Edward Adelbert 1893-1986, American biochemist, b. Hume, Ill., grad. Univ. of Illinois (B.A., 1914), Ph.D. Harvard, 1920. For his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K he shared with Henrik Dam the 1943...

• Domagk, Gerhard 1895-1964, German chemist and pathologist. A teacher successively at the universities of Greifswald and Münster, he became (1927) director of research at the I. G. Farbenindustrie laboratory at...

• Dooley, Thomas Anthony 1927-61, American physician and author, b. St. Louis, Mo., grad. Univ. of Notre Dame, M.D. St. Louis Univ., 1953. In 1954, Dooley supervised the care and treatment of thousands of refugees from...

• Drew, Charles Richard 1904-50, African-American physician, b. Washington, D.C. A surgeon and a professor at Howard Univ. (1935-36; 1942-50), he developed a means of preserving blood plasma for transfusion. During World...

• Du Bois-Reymond, Emil 1818-96, German physiologist of French descent. A pupil and successor (after 1858) of Johannes Müller at the Univ. of Berlin, he is known especially for his studies of nerve and muscle action, in...

• du Vigneaud, Vincent 1901-78, American biochemist, b. Chicago. He was professor of biochemistry and head of the department at George Washington Univ. school of medicine (1932-38) and at Cornell Univ. medical college...

• Dubos, René Jules 1901-82, American bacteriologist, b. France, Ph.D. Rutgers, 1927. He joined the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller Univ.) in 1927 and became professor there in 1957. While researching the...

• Duchenne, Guillaume Benjamin Amand 1806-75, French physician. He is noted for researches on diseases of the muscular and nervous systems and for his pioneer work on the use of electricity in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

• Dulbecco, Renato 1914-, American biologist, b. Catanzaro, Italy. In the 1950s he and co-researcher Marguerite Vogt gained insight into how viruses infect cells by pioneering the technique of growing viruses in...

• Dupuytren, Guillaume, Baron 1777-1835, French surgeon. As professor at the Hôtel Dieu, Paris, from 1812, he was noted as diagnostician, lecturer, and surgeon. He wrote on surgery, described a fracture of the fibula and a...

• Eccles, Sir John Carew 1903-97, Australian neurophysiologist. He was educated at the Univ. of Melbourne and at Magdalene College, Oxford. He was director (1937-44) of the Kanematsu Research Institute of Sydney Hospital...

• Ehrlich, Paul 1854-1915, German bacteriologist. He directed (1896) an institute for serum research at Steglitz, near Berlin, that was transferred (1899) to Frankfurt-am-Main as the Institute for Experimental...

• Eijkman, Christiaan 1858-1930, Dutch physician. He was head of the Pathological Institute of Batavia and later (1898-1928) professor of hygiene at the Univ. of Utrecht. His work at Batavia on the cause of beriberi led...

• Einthoven, Willem 1860-1927, Dutch physiologist, b. Java, M.D. Univ. of Utrecht, 1885. He was professor at the Univ. of Leiden from 1886. To measure the electric currents developed by the heart, he invented a...

• Elion, Gertrude Belle 1918-99, American pharmacologist, b. New York City, B.S. Hunter College, 1937. Unable to find research work (largely because she was a woman), she taught high school chemistry before joining...

• Enders, John Franklin 1897-1985, American bacteriologist, b. West Hartford, Conn., grad. Yale, 1920, Ph.D. Harvard, 1930. He began teaching at Harvard in 1929, became associate professor in 1942, and joined the research...

• Erasistratus fl. 3d cent. BC, Greek physician, b. Chios. He was the leader of a school of medicine in Alexandria, and his works were influential until the 4th cent. AD He considered plethora (hyperemia) to be...

• Erlanger, Joseph 1874-1965, American scientist, b. San Francisco, grad. Univ. of California (B.S., 1895), M.D. Johns Hopkins, 1899. For his contributions to physiology, especially his work on nerve action, he...

• Eustachi, Bartolomeo d. 1574, Italian anatomist. He lived in Rome from 1549 and taught at the Collegia della Sapienza (later the Univ. of Rome). He described many structures in the human body, including the Eustachian...

• Fabricius, Hieronymus 1537-1619, Italian anatomist; pupil and successor of Fallopius and teacher of William Harvey at Padua. He was a surgeon, an embryologist, and an anatomist; he described the venous valves but did...

• Fallopius Ital. Gabriello or Gabriele Fallopio , 1523-62, Italian anatomist; pupil and successor of Andreas Vesalius and teacher of Hieronymous Fabricius at Padua. His important discoveries include the fallopian tubes, leading from uterus to...

• Fauchard, Pierre 1678-1761, French dentist, a founder of modern dentistry. He practiced in Paris from c.1715 and was influential in raising dentistry from a trade to a profession. He advocated the sharing of...

• Fibiger, Johannes 1867-1928, Danish pathologist and physician. He served as professor of pathological anatomy at the Univ. of Copenhagen. For his experimental studies of cancer, in which he was the first to produce...

• Finlay, Carlos Juan or Charles John Finlay , 1833-1915, Cuban physician of Scottish and French descent; studied in France; M.D. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1855. Settling in Havana, he began his life work on yellow fever,...

• Finsen, Niels Ryberg 1860-1904, Danish physician. He established in Copenhagen an institute of light therapy and wrote several books on his work. He received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his...

• Fleming, Sir Alexander 1881-1955, Scottish bacteriologist, discoverer of penicillin (1928) and lysozyme (1922), an antibacterial substance found in saliva and other body secretions. Educated at St. Mary's Hospital...

• Flexner, Simon 1863-1946, American pathologist, b. Louisville, Ky., M.D. Univ. of Louisville, 1889; brother of Abraham Flexner. He served with the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockfeller Univ.) from 1903 to 1935 (as its first director, 1920-35) and was Eastman professor at Oxford from 1937 to 1938. He worked on experimental...

• Florey, Howard Walter (Baron Florey of Adelaide), 1898-1968, British pathologist, b. Australia. He was educated at Adelaide Univ. and at Cambridge and Oxford and returned to Oxford as professor of pathology in 1935...

• Flourens, Pierre (Marie Jean Pierre Flourens) , 1794-1867, French physiologist. He demonstrated the respiratory center in the medulla and the function of the cerebellum in muscular coordination and studied bone formation. He was long a...

• Forssmann, Werner 1904-79, German physician and physiologist, M.D. Univ. of Berlin (1929). In the late 1920s, he developed the technique of cardiac catheterization, whereby a long tube (catheter) is inserted into a...

• Fracastoro, Girolamo 1483-1553, Italian physician and poet. He was born in Verona, where he practiced after studying at Padua. He studied epidemic diseases and attributed their spread to tiny particles, or spores,...

• Funk, Casimir 1884-1967, American biochemist, b. Poland, Ph.D. Univ. of Bern, 1904. He first came to the United States in 1915 and was naturalized in 1920. Credited with the discovery of vitamins, Funk stirred...

• Galen c.130-c.200, physician and writer, b. Pergamum, of Greek parents. After study in Greece and Asia Minor and at Alexandria, he returned to Pergamum, where he served as physician to the gladiatorial...

• Gall, Francis Joseph 1758-1828, Austrian anatomist and founder of phrenology. He devoted most of his life to a minute study of the nervous system, especially the brain. With the collaboration of a favorite pupil, John...

• Galvani, Luigi 1737-98, Italian physician. He was professor of anatomy from 1775 at the Univ. of Bologna and was noted as a surgeon and for research in comparative anatomy. During experiments on muscle and nerve...

• Garretson, James Edmund 1828-95, American pioneer in oral surgery, b. Wilmington, Del., M.D. Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1859. From 1874 he taught at Philadelphia Dental College (now part of Temple Univ.), serving as dean from...

• Gasser, Herbert Spencer 1888-1963, American physiologist, b. Platteville, Wis., grad. Univ. of Wisconsin (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911), M.D. Johns Hopkins, 1915. From 1931 to 1935 he was professor of physiology at the medical...

• Gegenbaur, Karl 1826-1903, German anatomist. A professor at the universities of Jena (1855-73) and Heidelberg (1873-1901), he was influential as a teacher. He emphasized the value of comparative anatomy in the...

• Gies, William John 1872-1956, American biological chemist, b. Reisterstown, Md., grad. Gettysburg College (B.S. 1893; Ph.D. Yale, 1897). He began teaching at Columbia in 1898 and served as secretary of the faculty...

• Gilbert, William 1544-1603, English scientist and physician. He studied medicine at Cambridge Univ. (M.D., 1569), where he was elected a Fellow of St. John's College, and set up practice in London, becoming...

• Goldberger, Joseph 1874-1929, American medical research worker, b. Austria-Hungary, grad. Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1895. He came to the United States at the age of six. He joined the U.S. Public Health...

• Golgi, Camillo 1844-1926, Italian physician, noted as a neurologist and histologist. He shared with Ramón y Cajal the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on the structure of the nervous system...

• Gorgas, William Crawford 1854-1920, American disease and sanitation expert, surgeon general of the United States, b. Mobile, Ala., grad. Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1879. He served with the U.S. army medical corps...

• Grenfell, Sir Wilfred Thomason 1865-1940, English physician and missionary, famous for his work among Labrador fishermen. After serving as a missionary to fishermen of the North Sea, Dr. Grenfell went to Labrador in 1892. During...

• Gross, Samuel David 1805-84, American surgeon, b. near Easton, Pa., M.D. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1828. He taught at the medical colleges of several universities and at Jefferson from 1856. He made...

• Gullstrand, Allvar 1862-1930, Swedish ophthalmologist. He was professor (1894-1927) successively of eye therapy and of optics at the Univ. of Uppsala. He applied the methods of physical mathematics to the study of...

• Guthrie, Samuel 1782-1848, American physician, b. Brimfield, Mass. In Sackets Harbor, N.Y., where he settled after serving as surgeon in the War of 1812, he invented a percussion powder and a punch lock for...

• Guy of Chauliac see Chauliac, Guy de.

• Hahnemann, Samuel 1755-1843, German physician, founder of homeopathy. He expounded his system in Organon of the Rational Art of Healing (1810, tr. 1913). He practiced in Leipzig, Köthen, and Paris and despite...

• Haldane, John Scott 1860-1936, British scientist, b. Edinburgh; father of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane. He made many important contributions to mine safety, investigating principally the action of gases, the use of rescue equipment, and the incidence of pulmonary disease. He devised a decompression...

• Hall, Marshall 1790-1857, English physician and physiologist, M.D. Univ. of Edinburgh, 1812. He practiced medicine in Nottingham and in London. He opposed bloodletting and devised a method of artificial...

• Haller, Albrecht von 1708-77, Swiss scientist and writer. He had already won distinction as botanist and poet when he was appointed (1736) professor of anatomy, medicine, and botany at the Univ. of Göttingen. There he...

• Halsted, William Stewart 1852-1922, American surgeon, b. New York City, M.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1877. He practiced in New York and in 1886 became the first professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins, where he...

• Hamilton, Alice 1869-1970, American toxicologist, physician, and educator, b. New York City, M.D. Univ. of Michigan, 1893; she continued her studies in Germany. A pioneer in industrial diseases and hygiene, she...

• Harris, Chapin Aaron 1806-60, American dentist, b. Pompey, N.Y. One of the founders of dentistry as a profession, he was the author of The Dental Art (1839; later called Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery ) and...

• Harvey, William 1578-1657, English physician considered by many to have laid the foundation of modern medicine, b. Folkestone, studied at Cambridge, M.D. Univ. of Padua, 1602. Returning to London, he became a...

• Heister, Lorenz 1683-1758, German surgeon. Having studied anatomy under the famous Dutch master Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731), Heister served as an army surgeon in several campaigns before becoming professor of...

• Hench, Philip Showalter 1896-1965, American physician, b. Pittsburgh, M.D. Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1920. Associated with the Mayo Foundation of the Univ. of Minnesota school of medicine after 1921, he was made head of the...

• Henle, Jacob (Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle) , 1809-85, German anatomist and histologist. A pupil of J. P. Müller , he taught at Zürich, Heidelberg, and Göttingen. He contributed pioneer work on the microscopic structure of tissues, including the renal tubules that bear his name, epithelium, hair, and blood...

• Herophilus fl. 300 BC, Greek anatomist, called by some the father of scientific anatomy. A contemporary of Erasistratus at Alexandria, he made public dissections, comparing human and animal morphology. He...

• Hess, Walter Rudolf 1881-1973, Swiss physiologist. For his work on the control of organs by certain areas of the brain he shared with Egas Moniz the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He was (1917-51)...

• Heymans, Corneille 1892-1968, Belgian physiologist. His contributions to the physiology of circulation include a study of the sensory mechanism through which arterial blood pressure is maintained under a reflex...

• Hippocrates c.460-c.370 BC, Greek physician, recognized as the father of medicine. He is believed to have been born on the island of Cos, to have studied under his father, a physician, to have traveled for...

• Hitchings, George Herbert 1905-98, American pharmacologist, b. Hoquiam, Wash., Ph.D. Harvard, 1933. Hitchings spent most of his career at Burroughs Wellcome Laboratories (1942-75), where he and fellow researcher Gertrude B. Elion developed drug treatments for leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, viral herpes, urinary and respiratory tract infections, and AIDS. In 1988 the pair shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...

• Hodgkin, Sir Alan Lloyd 1914-98, English biophysicist. For their work in analyzing the electrical and chemical events in nerve-cell discharge, he and Andrew Huxley shared with Sir John Eccles the 1963 Nobel Prize in physiology...

• Hoffmann, Friedrich 1660-1742, German physician. He taught and practiced at Halle from 1693. He studied and wrote on such varied topics as pediatrics, mineral waters, and meteorology; introduced many drugs into...

• Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland 1861-1947, English biochemist, educated at Cambridge and the Univ. of London. He was professor of biochemistry at Cambridge (1914-43). Among his contributions were important studies in carbohydrate...

• Horsley, Sir Victor Alexander Haden 1857-1916, English surgeon and neurologist. A specialist in surgery of the endocrine glands and the nervous system, he devised a noted operation for spinal-cord tumor. He wrote Functions of the Marginal...

• Houssay, Bernardo Alberto 1887-1971, Argentine physiologist, b. Buenos Aires. He was a child prodigy, entering college at the age of 9 and becoming a hospital intern at 13. With C. F. and G. T. Cori he was awarded the 1947...

• Hubel, David Hunter 1926-, American neurobiologist, b. Ont., Canada. In 1958, Hubel joined Torsten Wiesel at Johns Hopkins Univ., and the two relocated to Harvard in 1959. Their most famous studies were in the area of visual perception, with particular emphasis on the nerve impulses mediating between...

• Hunter, John 1728-93, Scottish anatomist and surgeon, studied under his brother, William Hunter. A pioneer in comparative anatomy and morphology who is sometimes called the father of modern surgery, he made many valuable investigations and introduced several surgical techniques, including a...

• Hunter, William 1718-83, Scottish physician. He was famous as a lecturer, as London's leading obstetrician, as professor of anatomy and later president of the Royal Academy of Arts, and as head of a school and...

• Huxley, Andrew Fielding 1917-, British research scientist, educated at University College, London. He finished his studies at Cambridge after doing operational research for the admiralty during World War II. He was...

• Ingenhousz, Jan 1730-99, Dutch scientist. He practiced medicine in Holland, England, and Vienna and was noted for his skillful inoculations against smallpox. He demonstrated respiration in plants and recorded his...

• Jacob, François 1920-, French biologist, educated at the Sorbonne. His medical studies were interrupted by World War II. He joined the Free French Forces and fought in Africa and during the liberation of Paris...

• Jacobi, Abraham 1830-1919, American pediatrician, founder of pediatrics in the United States, b. Westphalia, Germany, M.D. Bonn, 1851. He was imprisoned for participating in the Revolution of 1848, but he escaped...

• Jauregg, Julius Wagner see Wagner-Jauregg.

• Jenner, Edward 1749-1823, English physician; pupil of John Hunter. His invaluable experiments beginning in 1796 with the vaccination of eight-year-old James Phipps proved that cowpox provided immunity against...

• Jerne, Niels Kai 1911-94, British-Danish immunologist, b. London. He worked at the Danish State Serum Institute (1945-55) and was chief medical officer to the World Health Organization (1956-62). He developed a "network...

• Jex-Blake, Sophia 1840-1912, English physician, active in opening the medical profession to women in England. A graduate of Queen's College, London, she began (1866) her medical studies in the United States and...

• Köhler, Georges Jean Franz 1946-95, German immunologist, Ph.D. Univ. of Freiburg, 1974. He worked (1974-76) with César Milstein at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England. There they developed a practical technique for mass-producing monoclonal antibodies by fusing antibody-producing cells with fast-growing cells, such as cancer cells. Their technique for antibody production has since been universally adopted, and the antibodies are used in...

• Kölliker, Albert von 1817-1905, Swiss physiologist and histologist. He was professor of physiology and of microscopic and comparative anatomy at Würzburg from 1847. His researches and texts on histology and embryology...

• Kantrowitz, Adrian 1918-, American surgeon. The son of a physician, Kantrowitz received his M.D. from Western Reserve Univ. (1943), returning after World War II to study cardiovascular physiology under Carl John...

• Keith, Sir Arthur 1866-1955, British anatomist, b. Aberdeen, Scotland, educated at the Univ. of Aberdeen, University College, London, and the Univ. of Leipzig. He became conservator of the museum and professor at...

• Kendall, Edward Calvin 1886-1972, American biochemist, b. South Norwalk, Conn., grad. Columbia (B.S., 1908; Ph.D., 1910). At St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, he did research on the thyroid gland (1911-14). He became...

• Kenny, Elizabeth 1886-1952, Australian nurse, b. New South Wales, grad. St. Ursula's College, Australia, 1902. She became "Sister" Kenny as a first lieutenant nurse (1914-18) in the Australian army. While caring for poliomyelitis victims in her homeland, she developed a method using hot, moist applications in conjunction with...

• Kitasato, Shibasaburo 1852-1931, Japanese physician. He worked with Robert Koch in Germany (1885-91), and with Emil Behring he studied the tetanus bacillus and developed (1890) an antitoxin for diphtheria. After...

• Klebs, Edwin 1834-1913, German-American pathologist, b. Prussia. He was an assistant of Rudolf Virchow and professor of pathology at Zürich (1872-92) and from 1896 at Rush Medical College, Chicago. He is known...

• Koch, Robert 1843-1910, German bacteriologist. He studied at Göttingen under Jacob Henle. As a country practitioner in Wollstein, Posen (now Wolsztyn, Poland), he devoted much time to microscopic studies of bacteria, for which he devised not only a method of staining with aniline dyes...

• Kocher, Emil Theodor 1841-1917, Swiss surgeon, M.D. Univ. of Bern, 1865. He was professor of surgery at Bern (1872-1911). For his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland—which he was the...

• Kornberg, Arthur 1918-, American biochemist, b. Brooklyn, grad. College of the City of New York (B.S., 1937) and Univ. of Rochester (M.D., 1941). In 1942 he joined the U.S. Public Health Service and became (1951)...

• Kossel, Albrecht 1853-1927, German physiologist. He was professor at Heidelberg from 1901. He specialized in the physiological chemistry of the cell and its nucleus and of proteins, including nucleins. He...

• Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf 1900-1981, English biochemist, b. Germany, M.D. Univ. of Hamburg, 1925. He taught at Cambridge and at the Univ. of Sheffield and after 1954 was professor of biochemistry at Oxford. In 1939 he...

• Krogh, Schack August Steenberg 1874-1949, Danish physiologist. He taught at the Univ. of Copenhagen (1916-45) and studied respiration, circulation, and the effect of an exclusive meat diet on the Eskimo and of deep-sea...

• Löffler, Friedrich 1852-1915, German bacteriologist. From 1888 he taught hygiene at the Univ. of Greifswald. Among his many contributions to bacteriology are his demonstrations of the relationship of diphtheria to...

• Laënnec, René Théophile Hyacinthe 1781-1826, French physician. While connected with the Necker Hospital in Paris he invented the stethoscope, which he described, together with the symptoms he had noted through its use, in his...

• Ladd-Franklin, Christine 1847-1930, American scientist, b. Windsor, Conn., grad. Vassar 1869. She was the first woman student to enter Johns Hopkins (1878), her special studies being directed toward logic and the theory of...

• Landsteiner, Karl 1868-1943, American medical research worker, b. Vienna, M.D. Univ. of Vienna, 1891. In 1922 he came to the United States to join the staff of the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller Univ.). He...

• Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse 1845-1922, French physician. While an army surgeon in Algiers he discovered (1880) the parasite that causes malaria and wrote many treatises on the subject. He received the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology...

• Leeuwenhoek, Antony van 1632-1723, Dutch student of natural history and maker of microscopes, b. Delft. His use of lenses in examining cloth as a draper's apprentice probably led to his interest in lens making. He...

• Leidy, Joseph 1823-91, American scientist, b. Philadelphia, grad. Univ. of Pennsylvania medical school. From 1853 he taught anatomy at his alma mater. He was also professor of natural history at Swarthmore...

• Linacre, Thomas 1460?-1524, English humanist and physician. He took the degree of doctor of medicine at the Univ. of Padua, returned to England c.1492, and became tutor to Prince Arthur and later physician to...

• Lind, James 1716-94, English naval surgeon. Considered the founder of naval hygiene in England, Lind observed on a ten-week cruise (1746) that 80 seamen of 350 came down with scurvy. In his Treatise of the Scurvy (1753) he emphasized the preventive effect of ingesting fresh fruit or lemon juice, thus reviving a practice of Dutch and English seafarers of the 16th cent. However, it was not until 1795, and...

• Lipmann, Fritz Albert 1899-1986, American biochemist, b. Germany, grad. Univ. of Berlin (M.D., 1922; Ph.D., 1927). He emigrated to the United States in 1939 and became a citizen in 1944. In 1941 he became research...

• Lister, Joseph Lister, 1st Baron 1827-1912, English surgeon, educated at University College, London. He brought to surgery the principle of antisepsis, an outgrowth of Pasteur's theory that bacteria cause infection. In 1865,...

• Loewi, Otto 1873-1961, American physiologist and pharmacologist, b. Frankfurt, Germany. He was professor of pharmacology (1909-38) at the Univ. of Graz, Austria, until forced into exile after the Nazi purge...

• Long, Crawford Williamson 1815-78, American physician, b. Danielsville, Ga., M.D. Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1839. He practiced in Jefferson, Ga. In 1842 he excised a tumor of the neck using ether anesthesia, but this was not...

• Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm 1816-95, German physiologist. He became world famous as professor (from 1865) and head of the physiological institute at the Univ. of Leipzig. Ludwig pioneered in the study of physiology as...

• Lwoff, André 1902-94, French microbiologist, b. Ainay-le-Château, Allier dept., central France, of Russian-Polish origin. He was educated in France and in 1925 began a long association with the Pasteur...

• Lynaker, Thomas see Linacre, Thomas.

• Lynen, Feodor 1911-79, German biochemist, grad. Univ. of Munich (Ph.D. 1937). He began teaching at the Max Planck Institute for Cell Chemistry in Munich in 1947. His research on the B vitamin called biotin, the...

• Müller, Johannes Peter 1801-58, German physiologist and anatomist. From 1833 until the end of his career he was professor at Berlin. He was famed as a teacher; for his extensive research in many fields, including...

• MacEwen, Sir William 1848-1924, Scottish surgeon. A professor of surgery at the Univ. of Glasgow, he was noted for his work on bone grafting, on the radical cure of hernia, and especially on surgery of the brain and...

• Mackenzie, Sir Morell 1837-92, English physician and laryngologist. A skillful surgeon, he was called to Germany to treat the crown prince (later Frederick III, emperor of Germany), who eventually died of cancer of the...

• Macleod, John James Rickard 1876-1935, Scottish physiologist, educated at Aberdeen and Leipzig. He was a professor at Western Reserve Univ. (1903-18) and at the Univ. of Toronto (1918-28) and later taught at the Univ. of...

• Magendie, François 1783-1855, French physician. He taught at the Collège de France and is considered a founder of experimental physiology. He distinguished the motor and sensory portions of peripheral nerves and...

• Malpighi, Marcello 1628-94, Italian anatomist. A pioneer in the use of the microscope, he made many valuable observations on the structure of plants and animals. He completed Harvey's theory of circulation by his...