Documents for "Protestant Christianity: Biographies":

• Abbot, George 1562-1633, archbishop of Canterbury. He was one of the collaborators (from Oxford Univ.) on the Authorized Version of the Bible and was an authority on geography. He became archbishop in 1611. His...

• Abbott, Edwin Abbott 1838-1926, English clergyman and author, b. London. He wrote several theological works and a biography (1885) of Francis Bacon, but he is best known for his standard Shakespearian Grammar (1870) and...

• Abbott, Lyman 1835-1922, American clergyman and editor, b. Roxbury, Mass., son of Jacob Abbott. He was ordained a minister in 1860 and was pastor in several churches before succeeding Henry Ward Beecher at the...

• Aglipay, Gregorio 1860-1940, Philippine clergyman. A priest who joined the revolutionary forces of Emilio Aguinaldo, he was excommunicated (1902). He took his followers from the Roman Catholic Church to found the Philippine Independent Church. Bishop Aglipay attracted many followers, said to number more than 1 million. His church, which retained many of the forms of the Roman Catholic Church, discarded confession and celibacy for the...

• Agricola, Johann c.1494-1566, German Protestant minister, whose family name was Schnitter (originally Schneider). He was born at Eisleben and is sometimes called Magister Islebius. He had an early association with...

• Akinola, Peter Jasper 1944-, Nigerian Anglican prelate. He was ordained a deacon in 1978 and a priest in 1979. From 1978 on he built the Anglican church in Abuja, Nigeria, from practically nothing into a flourishing...

• Alasco, Johannes see Laski, John.

• Albright, Jacob 1759-1808, American religious leader, founder of the Evangelical Association (later the Evangelical Church), b. near Pottstown, Pa. A German Lutheran, he was converted c.1790 to Methodism...

• Ales, Alexander see Alesius, Alexander.

• Alesius, Alexander 1500-1565, Scottish Protestant theologian. As canon of the collegiate church at St. Andrews he tried to reclaim Patrick Hamilton from his Lutheran views but was himself persuaded to accept the reformed teachings. In 1532 he escaped to the Continent, where he gained the confidence of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon and...

• Allen, Richard 1760-1831, American clergyman, founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He was born a slave in Philadelphia. He became pastor of a black group that had seceded from the Methodist...

• Amsdorf, Nikolaus von 1483-1565, German Protestant reformer. He became a devoted supporter of Martin Luther. Elector John Frederick I of Saxony appointed Amsdorf bishop of Naumberg in 1541, but after the elector was...

• Amyraut, Moïse or Moses Amyraldus , 1596-1664, French Protestant theologian. As pastor of Saumur he won a reputation as a theologian and orator, and he was appointed (1631) to present to Louis XIII the protest of the synod against...

• Andrewes, Lancelot 1555-1626, Anglican divine, bishop of Chichester (1605), Ely (1609), and Winchester (1619). One of the most learned men of his time (his knowledge encompassed 16 centuries of Christian culture and...

• Andrews, Lorrin 1795-1868, American missionary to the Hawaiian Islands, b. present-day Vernon, Conn., grad. Princeton Theological Seminary, 1825. He founded (1831) on Maui a training school for teachers, offered...

• Arminius, Jacobus 1560-1609, Dutch Reformed theologian, whose original name was Jacob Harmensen. He studied at Leiden, Marburg, Geneva, and Basel and in 1588 became a pastor at Amsterdam. He undertook to defend the...

• Arnaud, Henri 1641-1721, pastor and leader of the Waldenses. When Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy, in league with the French, set out to expel the Waldenses, Arnaud led (1686) a band of the Waldenses into Switzerland. In 1689 he led some of them back to...

• Asbury, Francis 1745-1816, Methodist bishop in America, b. England. The Wesleyan conference in London sent him in 1771 as a missionary to America, where he promoted the growth of the circuit rider system that proved so eminently suited to frontier conditions. His powerful preaching, his skill in winning converts, and his mastery of organization had, by the end of the Revolution, established...

• Aubigné, Jean Henri Merle d' see Merle d'Aubigné, Jean Henri.

• Aylmer, John 1521-94, bishop of London. His name is also spelled Ælmer or Elmer. He was briefly chaplain to the duke of Suffolk and tutor to his daughter, Lady Jane Grey. In 1553 he was deprived of his church...

• Böhme, Jakob see Boehme, Jakob.

• Backus, Isaac 1724-1806, American clergyman, leader among New England Baptists and a champion of religious freedom, b. Norwich, Conn. Converted in the Great Awakening, he joined the separatists or "New Light" faction. He became pastor in 1748 of a Congregational church in Middleboro, Mass.; after his adherence to the Baptist faith, he organized and became minister of a Baptist church there, which he...

• Bacon, Leonard 1802-81, American Congregational minister, b. Detroit, Mich. He served for 41 years as pastor of the First Church of New Haven, one of the leading Congregational churches in the country. Bacon was...

• Bakker, Jim 1941-, American preacher and television evangelist, b. Muskegon, Mich. Born James Orson, he took the last name of his wife and partner Tamara Faye (Tammy Faye) Bakker. With his Assemblies of God...

• Ballou, Adin 1803-90, American Universalist clergyman, b. Cumberland, R.I. He was prominent in the movement that resulted in the Massachusetts Association of Universal Restorationists (1831-41). In 1841 he...

• Ballou, Hosea 1771-1852, American clergyman, foremost among expositors of Universalism in the United States, b. Cheshire co., N.H. From 1818 until his death he was pastor of the Second Universalist Society in...

• Ballou, Hosea, 2d 1796-1861, American Universalist clergyman, b. Guilford, Vt.; grandnephew of Hosea Ballou (1771-1852). He was one of the founders and the first president (1853-61) of Tufts College. His Ancient History...

• Bampton, John 1689-1751, English clergyman, founder of an Oxford lectureship on religious subjects. The Bampton Lectures, given annually, have frequently given rise to lively controversy.

• Barclay, John 1734-98, minister of the Church of Scotland and founder of the Bereans or Barclayites. His Without Faith, without God (1769) and other works were unacceptable to his presbytery, and he was prohibited from preaching. His adherents united in independent congregations, and Barclay became minister of the one at...

• Barclay, Robert 1648-90, Scottish apologist for the Society of Friends (Quakers). He wrote many controversial works but is best known for his great treatise An Apology for the True Christian Divinity, which appeared in Latin in 1676 and in English two years later. The duke of York (later James II) granted a patent of the province of East Jersey to 12 members of the Society of Friends; Barclay...

• Barnes, Albert 1798-1870, American Presbyterian clergyman, b. Rome, N.Y. From 1830 he was pastor of the First Church in Philadelphia, mother church of the Presbyterian denomination in America. In the schism...

• Barth, Karl 1886-1968, Swiss Protestant theologian, one of the leading thinkers of 20th-century Protestantism. He helped to found the Confessing Church and his thinking formed the theological framework for the Barmen Declaration. He taught in Germany, where he early opposed the Nazi regime. In 1935 when he refused to take the oath of allegiance to...

• Bartlett, Samuel Colcord 1817-98, American Congregational clergyman and educator, b. Salisbury, N.H., grad. Dartmouth College, 1836. He studied at Andover Theological Seminary and was ordained in 1843. He was professor...

• Bascom, Henry Bidleman 1796-1850, American Methodist minister and college president, b. Hancock, N.Y. At the age of 17 he became a preacher in the Ohio Methodist Conference and was a frontier circuit rider. Bascom was...

• Bassett, James 1834-1906, American Presbyterian missionary, b. Canada. In 1872, under the auspices of the American Board, he founded the first American mission at Tehran, Persia (now Iran). Under his supervision...

• Baur, Ferdinand Christian 1792-1860, German Protestant theologian. He was from 1826 on the theological faculty of Tübingen. He became convinced of Hegel's philosophy of history and studied Christian history and doctrines...

• Baxter, Richard 1615-91, English nonconformist clergyman. Ordained in 1638, he began his ministry at Kidderminster in 1641. He sided with Parliament when the civil war broke out and served (1645-47) as a chaplain...

• Beecher, Henry Ward 1813-87, American Congregational preacher, orator, and lecturer, b. Litchfield, Conn.; son of Lyman Beecher and brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe. He graduated from Amherst in 1834 and attended Lane...

• Beecher, Lyman 1775-1863, American Presbyterian clergyman, b. New Haven, Conn., grad. Yale, 1797. In 1799 he became pastor at East Hampton, N.Y. While serving (1810-26) in the Congregational Church at Litchfield,...

• Behmen, Jakob see Boehme, Jakob.

• Beissel, Johann Conrad 1690-1768, founder of the Seventh-Day Baptist community at Ephrata, Pa. Emigrating (1720) from Germany, he settled first with the German Baptists, or Dunkards, in Germantown, Pa. He soon moved to...

• Bellamy, Joseph 1719-90, New England clergyman, b. Cheshire, Conn. A follower of Jonathan Edwards and a powerful revivalist of the Great Awakening , he preached in Bethlehem, Conn., for 52 years. Bellamy wrote True...

• Bellows, Henry Whitney 1814-82, American clergyman, b. Boston. From 1839 until his death he was pastor of the First Congregational Society, Unitarian (later Church of All Souls) in New York City. Bellows organized and...

• Bengel, Johann Albrecht 1687-1752, German Lutheran theologian and biblical scholar. He was appointed (1713) professor in charge of a theological training school at Denkendorf and remained there for 28 years. In this...

• Benson, Edward White 1829-96, archbishop of Canterbury, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was appointed (1877) the first bishop of Truro, and in 1882 he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury. His clerical...

• Bentley, William 1759-1819, American Unitarian clergyman, b. Boston. From 1783 until his death he was pastor of East Church, Salem, Mass. His Diary (4 vol., 1905-14), covering the years 1784-1819, is a valuable historical...

• Beuckelszoon, Jan see John of Leiden.

• Beza, Theodore (Théodore de Bèze), 1519-1605, French Calvinist theologian. In 1548 he joined John Calvin at Geneva and soon became his intimate friend and chief aid. From 1549 to 1558, Beza was professor of Greek...

• Biddle, John 1615-62, founder of English Unitarianism. From his examination of the Scriptures he lost belief in the doctrine of the Trinity and stated his conclusions in Twelve Arguments Drawn Out of Scripture. When the existence of this paper was made known to the magistrates in 1645, Biddle was imprisoned, as he was frequently thereafter. His Twelve Arguments was suppressed and burned publicly in 1647. Upon the publication of his Two-fold Catechism in 1654, he was tried for his life but received from Oliver Cromwell a sentence of banishment to the Scilly Islands. Returning in 1658, Biddle taught and preached until in 1662 he was again thrown...

• Bimeler, Joseph Michael 1778-1853, German religious leader, originally called Bäumler. A teacher of the separatists in Württemberg, in 1817 he led a group of them to America. In Ohio they founded the community of...

• Bingham, Hiram 1789-1869, American Congregationalist missionary, b. Bennington, Vt. In 1819 the American Board of Missions sent him, with others, to found the first Protestant mission in the Hawaiian Islands...

• Bingham, Hiram 1831-1908, American Congregationalist missionary, b. Honolulu; son of Hiram Bingham (1789-1869). In 1857 he founded a mission on Abaiang in the Gilbert Islands (now part of Kiribati). Bingham adapted the language of the Gilbert Islands to writing. He translated the Bible and also...

• Bingham, Joseph 1668-1723, English theologian. He is known for his learned work on Christian antiquities (10 vol., 1708-22).

• Bisschop, Simon see Episcopius, Simon.

• Black, Hugh 1868-1953, Scottish-American theologian and author. After serving as a pastor in Paisley and Edinburgh, he emigrated to the United States in 1906 to begin a professorship of practical theology at...

• Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa (Brown) 1825-1921, American Unitarian minister, b. Henrietta, N.Y., grad. Oberlin College, 1847, and Oberlin Theological Seminary, 1850. One of the first women to receive a college education in the United...

• Blair, James 1656-1743, Church of England clergyman, missionary to colonial Virginia, and founder of the College of William and Mary, b. Scotland. At the request of the bishop of London, Blair traveled to...

• Bliss, Daniel 1823-1916, American missionary, b. Franklin co., Vt., founder of Syrian Protestant College (now the American Univ. of Beirut) in Lebanon. He went to Syria in 1855, returning in 1862 to secure funds...

• Bliss, Howard Sweetser see Bliss, Daniel.

• Bliss, Philip Paul 1838-76, American evangelist and writer of gospel songs, b. Clearfield co., Pa. A fine baritone voice and a handsome presence aided him in his work, and his songs became tremendously popular. After...

• Bockelszoon, Jan see John of Leiden.

• Bodenstein, Andreas Rudolf see Carlstadt.

• Boehler, Peter 1712-75, missionary and bishop of the Moravian Church , b. Germany. He went (1738) to Savannah, Ga., to minister to the Moravians. In 1740 he migrated with a group to Pennsylvania and there founded Nazareth and Bethlehem. He went to England and...

• Boehm, Martin 1725-1812, American evangelical preacher, b. Conestoga, Pa. He was the son of a Palatinate Mennonite who settled in Lancaster co., Pa. Boehm became a Mennonite preacher c.1756 and a bishop in...

• Boehme, Jakob 1575-1624, German religious mystic, a cobbler of Görlitz, in England also called Behmen. He was a student of the Bible and was influenced by Paracelsus. In his major works, De signatura rerum (tr. The Signature of all Things, 1912) and Mysterium magnum, Boehme describes God as the abyss, the nothing and the all, the primordial depths from which the creative will struggles forth to find manifestation and self-consciousness. Evil is a result of the...

• Bonar, Horatius 1808-89, Scottish clergyman and hymn writer. In 1837 he became minister to the North Parish in Kelso; in 1843, Bonar, with his congregation, seceded in the movement leading to the formation of the...

• Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 1906-45, German Protestant theologian. Bonhoeffer, influenced early by the thinking of the young Karl Barth , urged a conformation to the form of Jesus as the suffering servant in a total commitment of the self to the lives of others. His ethical thinking led him to become an outspoken leader in the...

• Booth family prominent in the Salvation Army , founded by William Booth. His wife, Catherine Mumford Booth, 1829-90, whom he married in 1855, played a leading part in the foundation and development of...

• Booth, Evangeline Cory 1865-1950, general of the Salvation Army , b. England; daughter of William Booth. At the age of 17, she began evangelistic preaching. She was field commissioner of the Salvation Army in London for five years, commander of the Army in Canada from 1895 to 1904, and commander in...

• Booth, William 1829-1912, English religious leader, founder and first general of the Salvation Army , b. Nottingham. Originally a local preacher for the Wesleyan Methodists, he went (1849) to London and entered (1852) the ministry of the Methodist New Connexion Church, but in 1861 he began...

• Bora, Katharina von see Luther, Martin.

• Bourignon, Antoinette 1616-80, Flemish Christian mystic, adherent of quietism. In 1636 she fled from home to avoid a marriage urged by her father, spent a short time in a convent, and was in charge (1653-62) of an orphanage. Believing herself divinely directed to restore the...

• Bourne, Hugh 1772-1852, English founder of the sect of Primitive Methodists. In 1799 he joined the Wesleyan Methodists and became a preacher. In 1807 he began holding outdoor revival services, despite...

• Brainerd, David 1718-47, missionary to the Native Americans, b. Haddam, Conn. Licensed to preach in 1742, he spent his brief years among the Native Americans, first in New York and later in New Jersey and...

• Bray, Thomas 1656-1730, English clergyman and philanthropist. In 1696 he was selected by the bishop of London as his commissary to establish the Anglican church in Maryland. Bray recruited missionaries and...

• Breck, James Lloyd 1818-76, American Episcopal clergyman and missionary, b. Philadelphia. In 1841 he established a seminary at Nashotah, Wis., with which he was connected until 1850, when he turned to missionary work...

• Brenz, Johannes c.1522-67, German Protestant reformer. After coming under the influence of Johannes Oecolampadius and Martin Luther , Brenz stopped celebrating Mass (1523) and gave himself over to biblical exposition....

• Briggs, Charles Augustus 1841-1913, American clergyman, theologian, and educator, b. New York City, studied at the Univ. of Virginia, Union Theological Seminary, and the Univ. of Berlin. From 1875 until his death he was a...

• Brooks, Phillips 1835-93, American Episcopal bishop, b. Boston. In 1869 he began his ministry at Trinity Church, Boston, where he became one of the most influential ministers of his time. In 1891 he was consecrated...

• Brown, Olympia 1835-1926, American Universalist minister and woman-suffrage leader, b. Prairie Ronde, Mich.; grad. Antioch College, 1860, and the theological school of St. Lawrence Univ., 1863. She was one of the...

• Brown, Samuel Robbins 1810-80, American missionary and educator, b. East Windsor, Conn. As a missionary (1839-47) to China, he took charge of a school founded by the Morrison Educational Association. When he returned...

• Browne, Robert c.1550-1633, English clergyman and leader of a group of early separatists popularly known as Brownists. Browne conceived of the church as a self-governing local body of experiential believers in...

• Brownson, Orestes Augustus 1803-76, American author and clergyman, b. Stockbridge, Vt. Largely self-taught, he became a vigorous and influential writer on social and religious questions. He was a Presbyterian, but left that...

• Brunner, Emil 1889-1966, Swiss Protestant theologian. A clear and systematic thinker from the school of dialectical theology, he was a professor of theology at the Univ. of Zürich (1924-53) and Christian Univ.,...

• Bucer, Martin 1491-1551, German Protestant reformer born Martin Kuhhorn. At 14 years of age he joined the Dominican order, and he studied at Heidelberg, where he heard (1518) Luther in his public disputation on...

• Buchman, Frank Nathan Daniel 1878-1961, American evangelist, b. Pennsburg, Pa. The international movement he founded has been variously called First Century Christian Fellowship, the Oxford Group, Moral Re-Armament (often...

• Buckholdt, Johann see John of Leiden.

• Bugenhagen, Johann 1485-1558, German Protestant reformer. Born in Pomerania, he is sometimes called Dr. Pomeranus. Bugenhagen, an ordained priest, was attracted to the reform movement by Martin Luther's writings. In...

• Bullinger, Heinrich 1504-75, Swiss Protestant reformer. After the death of Ulrich Zwingli in 1531, Bullinger became pastor of the principal church in Zürich and a leader of the reformed party in Switzerland. He played an important part in compiling the first Helvetic Confession (1536),...

• Bultmann, Rudolf Karl 1884-1976, German existentialist theologian, educated at the universities of Tübingen, Berlin, and Marburg. He taught at the universities of Breslau and Giessen and from 1921 to 1950 was professor...

• Burton, Ernest De Witt 1856-1925, American biblical scholar, b. Granville, Ohio. From 1882 to 1923 he served as professor of New Testament literature and interpretation at the Univ. of Chicago, of which he became...

• Bushnell, Horace 1802-76, American Congregational minister, b. Bantam, Conn. Bushnell became (1833) pastor of the North Church, Hartford, Conn. He wrote Christian Nurture (1847) and God in Christ (1849). Because of certain views of the Trinity allegedly expressed in the latter, unsuccessful attempts were made to bring him to trial for heresy. Bushnell's dignified reply was made in Christ in Theology (1851). His repudiation of the austerity of Calvinism and his stress on the presence of the divine in humanity and nature had profound influence in shaping liberal Protestant thought. Ill health...

• Butler, Joseph 1692-1752, English bishop and exponent of natural theology. Butler held a series of church offices, ending his career as bishop of Durham. His principle writings are Fifteen Sermons (1726), in which he set forth his moral philosophy, and The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (1736), aimed at combating the influence of deism in England. Both works became standard references in the education of Anglican and other clergy until the late 19th cent. In ethics, Butler was part of the 17th and 18th cent. attempt to find a...

• Butzer, Martin see Bucer, Martin.

• Byles, Mather 1707-88, American clergyman and poet, b. Boston. Famous minister of the Hollis St. Congregational Church, Boston, from 1732, he was dismissed for his Tory sympathies after the British evacuation...

• Calamy, Edmund 1600-1666, English Presbyterian preacher. In 1636 his opposition to the observance of certain church ceremonies forced his withdrawal as lecturer at Bury St. Edmunds. A leader among the...

• Calixtus, Georgius 1586-1656, German Protestant theologian, whose original name was Georg Callisen. He extended the influence of Melanchthon , and sought a basis, such as the Apostles' Creed, for uniting Christian churches. Because he tended to minimize the differences in doctrine and to emphasize the importance of Christian living, he...

• Calovius, Abraham 1612-86, German Lutheran theologian, whose original name was Kalan or Calan. He was (1637-43) a professor of theology at Königsberg, then pastor at Danzig, and after 1650 teacher, general...

• Calvin, John 1509-64, French Protestant theologian of the Reformation, b. Noyon, Picardy.

• Cameron, John kăm´eren , c.1579-1625, Scottish scholar and theologian. As teacher, lecturer, and preacher at Bordeaux, Saumur, and other cities on the Continent, he came to be celebrated for his learning and ability. He...

• Cameron, Richard kăm´eren , 1648-1680, Scottish leader of the Cameronians, an extreme group of Covenanters. In 1672, under the influence of the open-air preacher John Welch, he became a Covenanter preacher and was known for his eloquence. Strongly opposing the measures aimed at reestablishing the...

• Campbell, Alexander 1788-1866, clergyman, cofounder with his father, Thomas Campbell, 1763-1854, of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Of Scottish lineage, both were born in Ireland and educated at the Univ. of Glasgow. Both were Anti-Burgher Presbyterians, a division opposed to the discipline of the main church. In 1807 the...

• Campbell, Thomas 1763-1854, American clergyman, a founder of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). See Campbell, Alexander , his more famous son.

• Cannon, George Quayle 1827-1901, Mormon apostle, b. Liverpool, England. He and his parents were converted to Mormonism in 1840; from the Isle of Man they emigrated to Nauvoo, Ill., in 1842, moving to Utah in 1847. In...

• Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius 1478-1541, German Protestant reformer, whose original family name was Köpfel. As a well-known humanist, he brought about communication between Erasmus and Luther. Capito worked with Martin Bucer...

• Carey, George Leonard 1935-, archbishop of Canterbury (1991-2002). From a working-class background, he graduated from the London School of Divinity in 1962 and was ordained the same year. Carey was appointed bishop of...

• Carey, William 1761-1834, English Baptist missionary and Orientalist, one of the first Protestant missionaries to India. He helped found the Baptist Missionary Society in 1792 and shortly thereafter went to...

• Cargill, Donald 1619?-1681, Scottish Covenanter. He was a minister in Glasgow from c.1655 until 1662, when he was expelled for denouncing the Restoration and resisting the establishment of the episcopacy in Scotland. After escaping wounded from...

• Carlstadt   Karlstadt , or Karolostadt , c.1480-1541, German Protestant reformer, whose original name was Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein. As early as 1516, Carlstadt presented theses denying free will and asserting the doctrine of salvation...

• Cartwright, Peter 1785-1872, American Methodist preacher, b. Virginia. He was a circuit rider in Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois for nearly 50 years. In 1846 he was defeated as a candidate for...

• Castalion, Sébastien 1515-63, French Protestant theologian. Castalion was with Calvin at Strasbourg and Geneva until he split with Calvin over doctrinal differences and moved to Basel. He obtained a chair of Greek...

• Castellio, Sébastien see Castalion, Sébastien.

• Châtillon, Sébastien see Castalion, Sébastien.

• Chalkley, Thomas 1675-1741, Quaker mariner and missionary preacher, b. England. He made his home after 1701 in Philadelphia, Pa. He traded chiefly with the West Indies, navigating his own ship, and made preaching...

• Chalmers, Thomas 1780-1847, Scottish preacher, theologian, and philanthropist, leader of the Free Church of Scotland. His preaching and his interest in philanthropic work during his ministry (1815-23) in Glasgow...

• Charles, Thomas 1755-1814, Welsh nonconformist clergyman. He was brought up under Methodist influence, attended Oxford (1775-78), and was ordained in the Church of England. He held curacies in Somersetshire but...

• Chase, Philander 1775-1852, American Episcopal bishop, b. Cornish, N.H. After experience as a missionary in the West, he was elected (1818) first bishop of Ohio, where he founded Kenyon College in 1824 with funds...

• Chauncy, Charles 1705-87, American Congregational clergyman, b. Boston. He was ordained as a minister of the First Church, Boston, in 1727 and remained in that pulpit for 60 years. Next to Jonathan Edwards, his...

• Chemnitz, Martin 1522-86, German Lutheran theologian. Under the tutelage of Phillip Melanchthon , he accepted and defended Lutheran doctrine, both in lecturing and in writing. Largely through his endeavors the Formula of Concord, one of the nine creeds of the Book of Concord, was adopted by...

• Cheyne, Thomas Kelly 1841-1915, English cleric and biblical critic, educated at Oxford. While studying at Göttingen, he was influenced by Georg Ewald and gained a view of German biblical criticism little known at the...

• Chillingworth, William 1602-44, English theologian. He was converted to Roman Catholicism and in 1630 went to Douai to study. Under the influence of his godfather, William Laud, he abjured that faith in 1634, and took...

• Church, Richard William 1815-90, English Anglican clergyman. He was educated at Oxford, where he became a follower of John Henry Newman. As dean of St. Paul's (1871-90) he did much to disseminate High Church doctrine. His...

• Clark, Francis Edward 1851-1927, American Congregational clergyman, founder of Christian Endeavor. He was born of American parents in Aylmer, Que., and was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1873. While serving as pastor of the Williston Congregational Church in Portland, Maine, he organized...

• Clarke, James Freeman 1810-88, American Unitarian clergyman and author, b. Hanover, N.H. While in charge of the Unitarian church in Louisville, Ky. (1833-40), he was for three years editor of the Western Messenger. He helped found the Church of the Disciples in Boston in 1841 and was its pastor until 1888, except in the years from 1850 to 1854. He was (1867-71) a nonresident professor in the Harvard Divinity...

• Claude, Jean 1619-87, French Protestant theologian. As Protestant pastor at Paris, Claude received considerable attention for his disagreements with the Roman Catholic apologist Jacques Bossuet, Pierre Nicole,...

• Clericus, Johannes see Le Clerc, Jean.

• Cocceius, Johannes 1603-69, German theologian, whose surname was originally Koch or Koken. Born in Bremen, he went to Holland, where he was professor at Francken and Leiden. He produced many learned writings, among...

• Coffin, Henry Sloane 1877-1954, American Presbyterian clergyman, b. New York City. He was pastor of the Madison Ave. Presbyterian Church in New York City (1905-26), lecturer (1904-9), associate professor of pastoral...

• Coke, Thomas 1747-1814, English clergyman and early bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America. After taking orders (1777) in the Church of England, he openly allied himself with the Methodists. He...

• Collier, Jeremy 1650-1726, English clergyman. Collier was imprisoned as one of the nonjurors , who refused to pledge allegiance to William III and Mary II. He later was outlawed (1696) for absolving on the scaffold two of those involved in the assassination plot against William. Collier's...

• Collins, Anthony 1676-1729, English theologian; a friend of John Locke. He set forth the position of the deists and defended the cause of rational theology. His Discourse of Free Thinking (1713) was answered by many...

• Conant, Thomas Jefferson 1802-91, American biblical scholar. He produced new translations of books of the Bible and aided in the revision of the English Bible, completed in 1881.

• Conway, Moncure Daniel 1832-1907, American author and preacher, b. Stafford co., Va. An ardent abolitionist, Conway lectured in England during the Civil War in the interests of the North. Brought up as a Methodist, he...

• Conwell, Russell Herman 1843-1925, American Baptist minister and lecturer, b. Worthington, Mass. After practicing law, he was ordained (1879) and went to Philadelphia as a minister. He was founder and first president of...

• Coquerel, Athanase Laurent Charles 1795-1868, French Protestant clergyman, noted for his eloquence as a preacher. From 1832 he was pastor of the Reformed Church in Paris. He founded and edited liberal periodicals. Among his...

• Cotton, John 1584-1652, Puritan clergyman in England and Massachusetts, b. Derbyshire, educated at Cambridge. Imbued with Puritan doctrines, he won many followers during his 20 years as vicar of the rich and...

• Court, Antoine 1696-1760, French Protestant preacher, called the Restorer of Protestantism in France. He was successful in reorganizing the remnants of the persecuted Calvinists in France. With a price on his...

• Coverdale, Miles 1488-1569, b. Yorkshire. English translator of the Bible , educated at Cambridge. Coverdale was ordained (1514) and entered the house of Augustinian friars at Cambridge. After developing an appreciation of Martin Luther he became an advocate of...

• Craig, John 1512?-1600, Scottish minister of the Reformation. He joined the Dominican order, but through reading the Institutes of Calvin, he adopted Protestantism. Imprisoned at Rome for heresy, he escaped (1559) and went to Vienna, where he preached before Archduke Maximilian. Returning to Scotland in 1560, he shortly...

• Crapsey, Algernon Sidney 1847-1927, American Episcopal clergyman, b. Fairmont, Ohio. In 1879 he became rector of St. Andrew's Church, Rochester, N.Y., which under his administration was known for its social work. In 1906...

• Cruden, Alexander 1701-70, author of a famous biblical concordance, b. Aberdeen, Scotland. He spent most of his life near London. In 1737 he published his Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures, which went through...

• Cyril Lucar see Lucaris, Cyril.

• Döllinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von 1799-1890, German theologian and historian, leader of the Old Catholics. Ordained in 1822, he was subsequently professor of church history and ecclesiastical law at the Univ. of Munich, chief librarian of the university, and a member of the Academy of Sciences. Between...

• Darby, John Nelson 1800-1882, one of the founders of the Plymouth Brethren , b. England. In 1827 he left a curate's post in Wicklow, Ireland, and joined with others in Dublin to found the Brethren. Later he formed congregations on the Continent, in Switzerland, France, and...

• D'Aubigné, Jean Henri Merle see Merle d'Aubigné, Jean Henri.

• Davenport, John 1597-1670, Puritan clergyman, one of the founders of New Haven, Conn., b. Coventry, England, educated at Merton and Magdalen colleges, Oxford. Starting as a Church of England cleric, Davenport...

• Davies, Samuel 1723-61, American Presbyterian clergyman, b. New Castle co., Del. Ordained as an evangelist, he went in 1747 to Hanover co., Va., where he was soon the center of a revival that became part of the...

• Delitzsch, Franz 1813-90, German Lutheran theologian and Hebraist. He was professor of theology at Rostock from 1846 to 1850, at Erlangen until 1867, and later at Leipzig. He was the author of many commentaries on...

• Dickinson, Jonathan 1688-1747, American Presbyterian clergyman, a founder and first president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton Univ. ), b. Hatfield, Mass., grad. Yale, 1706. He was a leading preacher of the...

• Diodati, Giovanni 1576-1649, Swiss Calvinist scholar and theologian, of a family of Italian Protestant refugees. He succeeded (1609) Theodore Beza as professor of theology at Geneva. Diodati served (1618) as a...

• Divine, Father c.1882-1965, African-American religious leader, founder of the Peace Mission movement, b. probably near Savannah, Ga. and named George Baker. After preaching in the South, he moved to Harlem (1915)...

• Dix, Morgan 1827-1908, American Episcopal clergyman, b. New York City; son of John A. Dix. He was rector of Trinity Church in New York City from 1862 to 1908. Among his writings are Memoirs of John Adams Dix (1883)...

• Doane, George Washington 1799-1859, Episcopal bishop of New Jersey (1832-59), b. Trenton, N.J. He acted as rector of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, N.J., and there he established a school for girls, St. Mary's Hall, and...

• Doddridge, Philip 1702-51, English nonconformist minister and noted hymn writer. His Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul (1745) has been much translated. His many hymns include "Awake, My Soul, Stretch Every...

• Dow, Lorenzo 1777-1834, American evangelist, b. Coventry, Conn. Although connected at times with the Methodist Church, he was an independent preacher for much of his life, traveling between the North and the...

• Dowie, John Alexander 1847-1907, founder of the Christian Catholic Church , b. Scotland. He emigrated (1860) to Australia, where he was ordained as a Congregational minister. Dowie's teaching included belief in the healing of disease by prayer, and he founded the...

• Driver, Samuel Rolles 1846-1914, English clergyman and biblical scholar. He was regius professor of Hebrew and canon of Christ Church, Oxford, and from 1876 to 1884 was a member of the Old Testament Revision Committee...

• Drummond, Henry 1786-1860, English banker, known particularly as one of the founders of the Catholic Apostolic Church. Beginning in 1826, he gathered annually for five years, at his home in Surrey, a group of laity and clergy to examine the prophecies in the Scriptures. Out of these meetings grew the organization...

• Drummond, Henry 1851-97, Scottish clergyman and author, educated at the Univ. of Edinburgh. He was a minister of the Free Church and from 1877 a lecturer on science in Free Church College, Glasgow. Deeply...

• Duff, Alexander 1806-78, Scottish missionary in India. In Calcutta (now Kolkata) he opened (1830) a mission college which became an important center of education in India; both religious and scientific subjects...

• Dwight, Harrison Gray Otis 1803-62, American Congregational missionary to the Armenians, b. Conway, Mass. He served the Armenian population of Constantinople for 30 years. His travels with Eli Smith were recorded in Researches...

• Dwight, Henry Otis 1843-1917, American missionary in Turkey, b. Constantinople, studied at Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; son of Harrison Gray Otis Dwight. In 1867 he returned to Constantinople as secular agent for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. From 1872 to 1899 he was editor of the board's Turkish publications. In 1880,...

• Dyer, Mary d. 1660, Quaker martyr in Massachusetts, b. England. She accompanied (c.1635) her husband to Massachusetts and supported Anne Hutchinson , whom she followed to Rhode Island, where her husband held several public offices. In 1650 she returned to England and there joined the Society of Friends (Quakers). On her return to America (1657)...

• Eaton, Theophilus 1590-1658, Puritan leader in Connecticut, one of the founders of New Haven, b. Buckinghamshire, England. A member of the London congregation of John Davenport , he was interested in the Massachusetts Bay Company and other Puritan colonial ventures. In 1637 he went with Davenport and others to Boston, and later that year he led an exploring party that...

• Eddy, Mary Baker 1821-1910, founder of the Christian Science movement, b. Bow, N.H. As physical frailty prevented her regular school attendance, she spent the early part of her education learning at home from her brother Albert Baker. She later attended...

• Edwards, Jonathan 1703-58, American theologian and metaphysician, b. East Windsor (then in Windsor), Conn. He was a precocious child, early interested in things scientific, intellectual, and spiritual. After...

• Edwards, Jonathan the younger, 1745-1801, American theologian, b. Northampton, Mass., grad. College of New Jersey (now Princeton), 1765; son of Jonathan Edwards (1703-58). His career in some ways paralleled that of...

• Egede, Hans 1686-1758, Norwegian Lutheran missionary, called the Apostle of Greenland. He went to Greenland in 1721 and, with the support of the Danish government, founded a mission for the Eskimo. He also...

• Eielsen, Elling 1804-83, Norwegian-American preacher. After itinerant missionary work in Scandinavia he came to the United States in 1839, preached in Chicago the first Norwegian sermon heard in America, and for...

• Eliot, John 1604-90, English missionary in colonial Massachusetts, called the Apostle to the Indians. Educated at Cambridge, he was influenced by Thomas Hooker, became a staunch Puritan, and emigrated from...

• Elmer, John see Aylmer, John.

• Episcopius, Simon 1583-1643, Dutch Protestant theologian, whose original name was Biscop, Bischop, or Bisschop. Episcopius accepted the teachings of Jacobus Arminius and was a leader of the Arminians, or Remonstrants , who opposed the Calvinist conception of predestination. Episcopius represented the Remonstrants at conclaves at The Hague (1611), at Delft (1613), and at the Synod of Dort (1618), where he...

• Erastus, Thomas 1524-83, Swiss Protestant theologian, a physician, whose original name was Lüber, Lieber, or Liebler. As a follower of Huldreich Zwingli , he supported the Swiss leader's view of the Lord's Supper at the conferences of Heidelberg (1560) and Maulbronn (1564) and in a book (1565). In spite of his vigorous opposition to the Calvinist doctrine, Presbyterian church discipline and government were...

• Errett, Isaac 1820-88, American minister of the Disciples of Christ, b. New York City. After years of pastoral and evangelistic work in pioneer towns of Ohio and Michigan, he became (1866) the first editor of...

• Erskine, Ebenezer 1680-1754, founder of the Secession Church in Scotland, minister of Portmoak, Kinross-shire (1703) and of Stirling (1731). He upheld the right of the people to make their own choice of pastors,...