Documents for "Biblical Proper Names":

• Abaddon Hebrew name of Apollyon. In ancient Jewish tradition it was used for part of Sheol (see hell ).

• Abana in the Bible, river of Damascus. It is probably the Barada, flowing near Damascus. See also Pharpar.

• Abarim in the Bible, general term for the country E of the Jordan.

• Abdias Vulgate form of Obadiah.

• Abel in the Bible. 1 Ostensibly a place name. The RSV text does not give the name. 2 See Abel-beth-maachah.

• Abel-beth-maachah town, ancient Palestine, the modern Tel Abil (Israel), S of Metulla. In the Bible, it was attacked by Ben-hadad and taken by Tiglath-pileser.

• Abel-maim in the Bible, a town, ancient Palestine, the same as Abel-beth-maachah.

• Abel-meholah name of towns or districts mentioned in the Bible, probably not all different. The epithet Meholathite perhaps refers to this name.

• Abel-mizraim in the Bible, place "beyond Jordan" where Jacob was mourned.

• Abel-shittim see Shittim.

• Abez city of Issachar mentioned in the Bible.

• Accaron see Ekron.

• Accho Old Testament variant of Akko.

• Achor in the Bible, valley where Achan was stoned.

• Achshaph in the Bible, town of N ancient Palestine, taken by Joshua.

• Achzib in the Bible. 1 Seacoast town, ancient Palestine, c.15 mi (24 km) S of Tyre. 2 Unidentified city of Judah. Chezib in the Book of Genesis and Chozeba in First Chronicles may be the same.

• Adadah in the Bible, town of Judah in the southernmost part of ancient Palestine.

• Adam in the Bible, town on the upper Jordan.

• Adamah in the Bible, Naphtalite city.

• Adami or Adami-Nekeb , in the Bible, border town of Naphtali. Two towns, Adami and Nekeb, in AV.

• Adasa in First Maccabees, a town, near Beth-horon, and place of encampment of Judas Maccabaeus.

• Adithaim in the Bible, town of Judah, probably c.10 mi (16 km) from the coast.

• Admah in the Bible, city destroyed with Sodom.

• Adoraim in the Bible, town, E of Hebron. It also appears as Adora in First Maccabees.

• Adramyttium place, the modern Edremit, NW Turkey. According to the Acts of the Apostles, St. Paul's ship was built here.

• Adria ancient name of the Adriatic, extended to mean the central Mediterranean.

• Adullam in the Bible, border town of Judah, SW of Jerusalem. David hid in the Cave of Adullam when he fled from Saul. From here three of his men went to get him water from the well at Bethlehem.

• Adummim in the Bible, an ascent in the Jericho road.

• Aenon in the New Testament, unidentified place, where John the Baptist baptized people.

• Agagite in the Bible, a not necessarily ethnical term used of Haman because of his hatred of the Jews.

• Ahava in the Bible, unidentified place, where Ezra collected one of his expeditions.

• Ahlab in the Bible, town of Asher.

• Ai in the Bible. 1 Canaanite royal city, E of Bethel. Abraham pitched his tent there when he arrived in Canaan. It is probably the modern et-Tell, near Bethel (West Bank). Excavations have revealed a strongly...

• Aija the same as Ai 1.

• Aijalon in the Bible. 1 Town, on the border between Philistia and Israel, the modern Yalo (Israel), NW of Jerusalem. In the Tel-el-Amarna letters it is called Aialuna. 2 Town in Zabulon. 3 Valley over...

• Aijeleth Shahar superscription of Psalm 22, probably the tune to which it was to be sung, named from the first words of some other verse set to it. Other superscriptions of similar explanation are: Al-taschith...

• Ain in the Bible. 1 Town, N ancient Palestine. 2 See En-rimmon.

• Ajalon variant of Aijalon.

• Akrabbim see Maaleh-acrabbim.

• Alammelech in the Bible, village of Asher, NW ancient Palestine. The modern Wadi el-Melek near Mt. Carmel perhaps echoes the name.

• Alamoth in the Bible, musical term, unknown in meaning, although some have guessed "soprano," connecting it with a word for "maidens." It occurs in First Chronicles and in the title of Psalm 46. The...

• algum or almug , precious wood mentioned in the Bible (2 Chron. 2.8; 9.10,11), used in the Temple of Solomon and in his palace, brought from Ophir and Lebanon. It is perhaps a red sandalwood.

• Alleluia Latin form of the expression Hallelujah.

• Allon-bachuth in the Bible, place close to Bethel, where they buried Rebecca's nurse.

• Almon see Alemeth 2.

• Almon-diblathaim in the Bible, camping place of the Israelites. Called Beth-diblathaim in a denunciation of Moab.

• almug see algum.

• Al-taschith see Aijeleth Shahar.

• Alush in the Bible, wilderness camping ground of the Israelites.

• Amalekites in the Bible, aboriginal people of Canaan and the Sinai peninsula. They waged constant warfare against the Hebrews until dispersed by Saul. Their ancestor, Amalek, for whom they were named, was a...

• Amam in the Bible, city of Judah.

• Ammah in the Bible, hill near Gibeon.

• Ammi in the Bible, figurative name of Israel after reconciliation with God. See Loammi.

• Ammon in the Bible, people living E of the Dead Sea. Their capital was Rabbath-Ammon, the present-day Amman (Jordan). Their god was Milcom, to whom Solomon built an altar. A Semitic people, they...

• Amorites a people of Canaan. There is evidence of them in Babylonia, where in the 19th cent. BC they established under their patronage the first dynasty at Babylon. The most powerful king of this dynasty,...

• Anab in the Bible, hill town, SW ancient Palestine.

• Anamim in the Bible, unidentified tribe of Egypt.

• Anammelech in the Bible, god of an otherwise unknown Samaritan cult.

• Anathoth in the Bible. 1 Town, NE of Jerusalem, near the modern Anata, West Bank. It was the home of Jeremiah. Its adjective is Antothite, Anetothite, Anathotite. 2 Chief of the people.

• Anem the same as En-gannim 2.

• Anetothite see Anathoth.

• Anim in the Bible, town of ancient Palestine, SW of Hebron.

• Antipatris city of Roman Palestine, founded by Herod the Great and named after his father. It was c.10 mi (16.1 km) NE of Joppa, on the north-south road. According to the Acts of the Apostles, Paul was taken...

• Antothite see Anathoth.

• Apharsachites or Apharsathchites , in the Bible, Assyrian colonists settled in Samaria. The Apharsites apparently were another group of colonists.

• Aphek in the Bible. 1 Canaanite royal town, the modern Ras el-Ain or Rosh Hayim (Israel). Herod called it Antipatris. It is mentioned in Egyptian documents dating from the 19th cent. BC It is probably the same place as...

• Aphrah in the punning passage of the Book of Micah, apparently the name of a town. The name meant "dust" in Hebrew or sounded like a word meaning "dust," hence probably the use of the name.

• Apollyon [Gr.,=Destroyer], in the Book of Revelation, name of the angel of the bottomless pit. See Satan ; hell.

• Ar city of Moab , probably one of the important centers E of the Dead Sea. The Greeks called it Areopolis, and later it was called Rabbath Moab. References to it in the Bible are numerous.

• Arab in the Bible, hill town of S ancient Palestine, near Hebron.

• Arad in the Bible, royal town in the Negev, the modern Tell Arad (Israel), S of Hebron. The "king Arad" in the Book of Numbers is a mistranslation for "king of Arad." It is the only tell (mound)...

• Aram ancient country and people centered in Damascus in S Syria between the 11th and 8th cent. BC The Bible records constant contacts between the Hebrews and Aram. The Aramaeans spoke Aramaic, which is...

• Aram-naharaim the same as Padan-aram.

• Aram-zobah the same as Zoba.

• Arba or Arbah , in the Bible, eponym of Kirjath-arba, "the city of Arba," usually called Hebron. Arba is called the father of Anak.

• Archevites in the Bible, colonists sent into Samaria by the Assyrian government. They were probably natives of Uruk.

• Archi see Archite.

• Archite or Archi , in the Bible, clan that owned Ataroth between Bethel and Beth-horon, on the boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin. Hushai , David's friend, was a member of the clan.

• Argob in the Bible, region of Bashan, E of the Sea of Galilee. The interpretation of Argob as a person in Second Kings is uncertain.

• Arimathaea in the New Testament, home of St. Joseph of Arimathea, not otherwise known. It may be the same as Ramathaim-zophim.

• ark in the Bible. 1 Boat of Noah , which he built at God's command to preserve his family and certain creatures from the Deluge. 2 Ark of the Covenant, the sacred wooden chest of the Hebrews, representative of God or identified with Him. It was overlaid with gold inside and out and was always heavily veiled; the high priest...

• Armageddon in the New Testament, great battlefield where, at the end of the world, the powers of evil will fight the powers of good. If the usual etymology is correct, the name alludes to the frequency of...

• Arnon river of Jordan, entering the east side of the Dead Sea, called today Wadi Mojib.

• Aroer border town, on the north side of the Arnon River and E of the Dead Sea, the modern Arair (Jordan). Aroer, which changed hands frequently, is mentioned in the Moabite stone.

• Arpad in the Bible, unidentified city, probably in W central Syria. Hamath is always named with it. It is the Arphad in the Book of Isaiah.

• Aruboth in the Bible, part of Solomon's kingdom. Arubboth RSV.

• Arumah in the Bible, town of ancient Palestine.

• Arvad variant of Aradus.

• Aser variant of Asher.

• Ashan in the Bible, unidentified town of S ancient Palestine, perhaps the same as Chor-ashan.

• Asher [Heb.,=happy], in the Bible, tribe of Israel. Its eponym was Jacob's eighth son. It occupied the northwestern part of ancient Palestine, and its position laid Asher open to influence from other...

• Ashima in the Bible, god whose cult flourished in Hamath.

• Ashkenaz eponym of a people perhaps localized in Armenia. He was grandson of Japheth. Gen. 10.3. Ashchenaz: 1 Chron. 1.6; Jer. 51.27. In modern times the term Ashkenazim refers to the German Jews as distinguished...

• Ashmodai demon , probably Asmodeus.

• Ashnah in the Bible, two unidentified towns of ancient Palestine, W of Jerusalem.

• Ashteroth Karnaim in the Bible, place, E of the Jordan. It is possibly the same as Carnaim in First Maccabees and Carnion in Second Maccabees.

• Ashurites unidentified people mentioned in the Bible. There are two possible interpretations: (1) the Geshurites, as the Vulgate indicates, or (2) the house of Asher.

• Asmodeus demon of Hebrew story. He plays an important role in the Book of Tobit.

• Assos or Assus , ancient city, Mysia, NW Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Adramyttium E of Point Lectum, westernmost point of Asia.

• Assus variant of Assos.

• Atad in the Bible, name of the unidentified threshing floor where Joseph and his brethren mourned the death of Jacob.

• Ataroth in the Bible. 1 Town of Gilead. 2 Place or family of Judah.

• Athach in the Bible, place in S ancient Palestine, visited by David.

• Ava in the Bible, an unidentified city of Mesopotamia, perhaps the same as Ivah. Its inhabitants are called Avites.

• Aven in the Bible, abusive name applied to towns: to Bethel (see Beth-aven ); to Heliopolis in Egypt in the Book of Ezekiel; and to some other place, traditionally Baalbek, in the Book of Amos.

• Avims the same as Avites 1.

• Avites in the Bible. 1 People of SW ancient Palestine, probably assimilated by the Philistines. They appear as Avims in Deuteronomy. 2 People of Ava.

• Azazel in the Bible, an obscure term found in the ritual of the scapegoat in the Book of Leviticus. Azazel may be the place to which the scapegoat was sent, the scapegoat itself, or the desert demon to...

• Azekah in the Bible, city of ancient Palestine, lying W of Jerusalem.

• Azmon in the Bible, town of S ancient Palestine.

• Aznoth-tabor in the Bible, place, on the boundary of Naphtali, probably N of Mt. Tabor.

• Baal-gad in the Bible, place at the foot of Mt. Hermon. It represented the northern limit of Joshua's conquest. Gad apparently refers to a god of fortune.

• Baal-hamon in the Bible, location of Solomon's vineyard.

• Baal-hazor in the Bible, holy place where Absalom's servant killed Amnon.

• Baal-hermon see Hermon, Mount.

• Baali in the Bible, title of God that is to be used no longer by Israel.

• Baal-meon see Beth-baal-meon.

• Baal-peor local divinity (the Baal) of Peor. According to the Book of Numbers, the Hebrews stayed at Shittim during the wilderness wanderings. While there, Hebrew men had sexual relationships with the local...

• Baal-perazim in the Bible, unidentified place where David defeated the Philistines. Perizim in the Book of Isaiah is probably the same.

• Baal-zephon in the Bible, place near the Israelites' crossing of the Red Sea.

• Babel [Heb.,=confused], in the Bible, place where Noah's descendants (who spoke one language) tried to build a tower reaching up to heaven to make a name for themselves. For this presumption the speech...

• Baca in the Bible, allegorical name of a valley. The English expression "vale (or valley) of tears" may be a translation of this, through the Vulgate.

• Bachrites descendants of Becher 2.

• Baharumite see Bahurim.

• Bahurim in the Bible, town, NE of Jerusalem. Azmaveth of Bahurim is called once a Baharumite, once a Barhumite.

• Balah the same as Bilhah 2.

• Bamah [Heb.,=high place], term elsewhere translated in most English editions of the Bible, but in one passage in the Book of Ezekiel it is given in the original. The word is translated earlier in the...

• Barhumite see Bahurim.

• Bashan fertile plain E of the Jordan and the Sea of Galilee from the latitude of Haifa northward to that of Tyre. According to Hebrew tradition, it was conquered by the Israelites and given to the half...

• Bashan-havoth-jair see Havoth-jair.

• Bath-rabbim in the Bible, gate in Heshbon.

• Beelzebub in the Bible: see Satan.

• Beer in the Bible. 1 Unidentified place, to which Gideon's son Jotham fled. 2 Unidentified place, E of the Dead Sea between the Arnon and the Jordan, where Israel camped and dug a well. The little song...

• Beer-lahai-roi see Lahai-roi.

• Beeroth in the Bible. 1 City important as a road station, now Bira (West Bank). 2 Same as Bene-jaakan.

• behemoth [Heb.,=plural of beast ], large, fanciful primeval monster, like Leviathan, evoking the hippopotamus mentioned in the Book of Job. In the Book of Psalms the term occurs in a non-mythological context....

• Belial name applied to Satan.

• Bene-jaakan in the Bible, halting place in the wilderness. It also appears as Beeroth.

• Beon see Beth-baal-meon.

• Berea or Beroea . 1 Town near Jerusalem, mentioned in First Maccabees. It is probably identical with Beeroth 1. 2 See Véroia , Macedonia. 3 See Aleppo , Syria.

• Berites see Bichri.

• Berith abbreviation of Baal-berith.

• Beroea the same as Berea 1.

• Berothah in the Bible, city of Syria. Berothai may be the same.

• Berothai in the Bible, city of Syria, perhaps the same as Berothah.

• Besor in the Bible, stream, S ancient Palestine.

• Beten in the Bible, village of N ancient Palestine.

• Bethabara place, on the Jordan, traditionally located at a ford just above the Dead Sea, where in the New Testament John was baptizing when Jesus came to him. RSV: Bethany, following some ancient texts.

• Beth-anath in the Bible, town of N ancient Palestine.

• Beth-anoth in the Bible, town, probably the modern Bayt Anun (West Bank), not far NE of Hebron.

• Bethany . 1 Village, at the southeastern foot of the Mount of Olives, the modern El Aziriye, 2 mi (3.2 km) E of Jerusalem. In the Gospels, it is the home of Lazarus , Martha , and Mary. An important stop...

• Beth-arabah in the Bible, town, in the Jordan valley near Jericho.

• Beth-aven in the Bible, town of ancient Palestine, between Bethel and Michmash. It is probably used as an abusive name for Bethel in the Book of Hosea. The prophet seems to use Aven (for Beth-aven) also in...

• Beth-baal-meon town of Moab, E of the Jordan, now called Main (Jordan), 12 mi (19 km) SW of Hisban. It also appears as Baal-meon and Beth-meon. Beon in the Book of Numbers, an otherwise unidentified place, is...

• Beth-car in the Bible, a town, generally west of Jerusalem.

• Bethel [Heb.,=house of God]. 1 Ancient city of central Palestine, the modern Baytin, the West Bank, N of Jerusalem. According to the Bible, where it is frequently mentioned, it was originally called Luz (see Luz 1 ). The Book of Genesis relates that Abraham built his first altar in Canaan here and that the name Bethel, given to Jacob's sacred stone, was then transferred to the town itself. At the time of the...

• Bethesda pool in Jerusalem, perhaps the one discovered under the Crusaders' Church of St. Anne near St. Stephen's Gate in the northeast corner of the city. According to the Gospel of St. John, its healing...

• Beth-haccerem in the Bible, town, probably the modern En Kerem (Israel), SW of Jerusalem.

• Beth-haran in the Bible, a town, E of the Jordan, not far northeast of its mouth into the Dead Sea.

• Beth-hogla or Beth-hoglah , in the Bible, a town, the modern Ayn Hajalah in the West Bank, W of the Jordan, SE of Jericho.

• Beth-horon in the Bible, name of two neighboring towns on the northerly road from Lod to Jerusalem. They are the modern Beit Ur at Tahta and Beit Ur al Fawga in the West Bank. In this strategic locality two...

• Beth-jeshimoth in the Bible, town, NE of the Dead Sea. Beth-jesimoth is an alternate spelling.

• Beth-lebaoth in the Bible, town of S ancient Palestine. It also appears as Lebaoth. Beth-birei corresponds with Beth-lebaoth in a parallel passage.

• Beth-marcaboth in the Bible, town in ancient Palestine, perhaps the same as Madmannah.

• Beth-meon see Beth-baal-meon.

• Beth-millo see Millo.

• Beth-nimrah in the Bible, town of ancient Palestine. Also called Nimrah.

• Beth-peor in the Bible, town of ancient Palestine where Baal-peor was worshiped.

• Bethphage in the New Testament, unidentified place, near Jerusalem, traditionally between Bethany and the Mount of Olives.

• Beth-rehob in the Bible, Aramaean principality or town of N ancient Palestine.

• Bethsaida [Heb.,=house of the fisher], in the Gospels, birthplace of Jesus' disciples Peter, Andrew, and Philip. Herod Philip (4 BC-AD 33) is said to have renamed it Julias after the daughter of Augustus,...

• Beth-shan or Beth-shean , ancient town, at the meeting of the Vale of Jezreel with the Jordan valley. It was the most strategic point of E ancient Palestine, with the crossing of four roads. References to it in the Bible...

• Beth-shemesh in the Bible. 1 The Egyptian Heliopolis. 2 Town of ancient Palestine, the modern Tel Bet Shemesh (Israel), W of Jerusalem. Excavations there have revealed traces of the Egyptian occupation in the 2d millennium B. C. It also appears as...

• Beth-shittah in the Bible, town of ancient Palestine, mentioned in connection with Gideon's battle against the Midianites.

• Beth-tappuah in the Bible, town, c.4 mi W of Hebron, of which it was perhaps a colony; now called Taffuh (West Bank).

• Bethul the same as Bethel 2.

• Bethulia city, ancient Palestine, apparently located somewhere NE of Samaria, c.10 mi (16.1 km) from that city. It was the scene of the principal events of the Book of Judith. It has been variously...

• Beth-zur town, ancient Palestine, N of Hebron, on the Jerusalem road. It is the modern Khirbat Tubaygah, the West Bank. Excavations (1924, 1931, 1957) have revealed settlements from the 19th cent. BC...

• Beulah [Heb.,=married, used of a woman], in the Bible, allegorical name for Israel.

• Bezek in the Bible. 1 Country or city of Adoni-bezek. 2 Bivouac of Israel.

• Bezer . Reubenite town, E of the Jordan. Bezer is mentioned in the Moabite stone and several times in the Bible; it may be identical with Bozrah 2.

• Bileam the same as Ibleam.

• Bozez and Seneh two cliffs at the entrance to the ravine of Michmash (now the Wadi Suweinet); they are mentioned in the First Book of Samuel.

• Bozrah in the Bible. 1 Important city of Edom, probably the modern Busayra (Jordan), SE of the Dead Sea. The prophets often linked the name Bozrah with that of Edom. 2 City of Moab, perhaps identical with...

• Cabbon in the Bible, town, SW ancient Palestine.

• Cabul in the Bible, town, NW ancient Palestine, the modern Kabul, Israel.

• calf, golden erected by the Israelites on several occasions, as related in the Bible and the Qur'an. Aaron made one while Moses was on Mt. Sinai. Jeroboam placed one at Bethel and another at Dan. Hosea...

• Calneh in the Bible. 1 Place, in S Babylonia, founded by Nimrod with other cities; the word may mean "all of them." 2 Unidentified city, possibly in N Syria. It is perhaps the same as Calno, named...

• Calvary [Lat.,=a skull] or Golgotha [Heb.,=a skull], in the Gospels, place where Jesus was crucified, outside what was then the wall of Jerusalem. Its location is not certainly known. The traditional identification of the site of...

• Cana ancient town of Galilee. According to the Gospel of St. John it was here that Jesus performed his first miracle by turning water into wine at a wedding.

• Cananaean epithet of St. Simon.

• Capernaum or Capharnaum , town, NE ancient Palestine, on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee; in the Gospels, it is closely associated with Jesus' ministry, and was the home of several of Jesus' disciples. A...

• Capharnaum the same as Capernaum.

• Caphtor in the Bible, home of the Philistines before they migrated to Canaan. Its inhabitants are called Caphtorim. Caphtor has been identified with both Crete and Cyprus.

• Carnaim see Ashteroth Karnaim.

• Carnion see Ashteroth Karnaim.

• Casiphia in the Bible, place, on the way from Babylon to Jerusalem.

• Casluhim in the Bible, ancient unidentified tribe.

• Cedron in the Bible. 1 The same as Kidron. 2 Place, near Jamnia, fortified against the Maccabees.

• Cenchrea or Cenchreae , port of ancient Greece, on the Saronic Gulf, ESE of Corinth. It is mentioned in the New Testament.

• Chebar in the Bible, river of Mesopotamia, by which captive Jews were settled.

• Chemosh identified, probably mistakenly, as the god of the Ammonites in the Bible (see Milcom ). In First and Second Kings, Solomon erected an altar to him at Jerusalem, and Josiah destroyed it.

• Chephar-haammonai in the Bible, town of Benjamin.

• Chephirah in the Bible, town of Benjamin, NW of Jerusalem.

• Cherethims the same as the Cherethites.

• Cherethites and Pelethites in the Bible, David's officers. In some passages the Cherethites, or Cherethims, are mentioned alone.

• Cherith in the Bible, brook flowing into the Jordan opposite Samaria.

• Chesalon in the Bible, town of Judah, called also Mt. Jearim, W of Jerusalem.

• Chesil the same as Bethel 2.

• Chesulloth in the Bible, town, N ancient Palestine, the same as Chisloth-tabor.

• Chezib probably the same as Achzib 2.

• Chidon see Perez-uzza.

• Chilmad in the Bible, city or state that traded with Tyre.

• Chinnereth or Chinneroth , in the Bible. 1 See Galilee, Sea of. 2 Town, near the Sea of Galilee. It is also spelled Cinneroth.

• Chisloth-tabor in the Bible, town, N ancient Palestine, plausibly identified with Iksal, W of Mt. Tabor, Israel. See also Chesulloth.

• Chittim variant of Kittim.

• Chiun in the Bible, idol worshiped by the Hebrews in the wilderness.

• Chor-ashan in the Bible, one of the places to whose inhabitants David sent spoils of war. See Ashan.

• Chorazin city NW of the Sea of Galilee, denounced by Jesus in the New Testament.

• Chozeba see Achzib 2.

• Chub in the Bible, an African people. This may be a textual error for Lub (i.e., Lubim ).

• Cinneroth see Chinnereth 2.

• City of David in the Bible, epithet of Bethlehem , the birthplace of David, and of Jerusalem , his capital.

• Coos in the New Testament, island in the Aegean Sea, the present-day Kós.

• Cush . 1 Asian nation, perhaps the same as one of similar name in E Mesopotamia. Gen. 10.8; 1 Chron. 1.10. 2 Ancient kingdom of Nubia , in the present Sudan, which flourished from the 11th cent. BC to the 4th cent. AD The rulers of Cush overran Upper Egypt (mid-8th cent. BC) as far as Thebes. Piankhi conquered the rest of Egypt (Lower Egypt) from Tefnakhte. Taharka was defeated in the Delta by the Assyrians, and the Cushites lost control of Egypt. The Cushite capital was transferred from Napata to Meroë ; Meroë was a prosperous state until the 4th cent. AD, when it fell to the Ethiopians and was abandoned. There is a theory that the people of Meroë moved westward and introduced ironcasting...

• Dabareh