Documents for "Crime and Law Enforcement: Biographies":

• Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, marchese di 1738-94, Italian criminologist, economist, and jurist, b. Milan. Although of a retiring disposition, he held, in the Austrian government, several public offices, the highest being counselor of...

• Brockway, Zebulon Reed 1827-1920, American penologist, b. Lyme, Conn. As superintendent of the House of Correction in Detroit, he tried to introduce in 1869 the indeterminate sentence for first offenders. His ideas were...

• Dillinger, John 1902-34, American bank robber, probably b. Indianapolis. Paroled after serving a prison term for attempted robbery, Dillinger organized a gang and terrorized the Midwest in 1933. He escaped jail...

• Dugdale, Richard Louis 1841-83, American social investigator, b. Paris. While inspecting (1874) county jails for the New York Prison Association, he developed data for his famous study of the Jukes (fictitious name of a...

• Ferri, Enrico 1856-1929, Italian criminologist. He continued the scientific study of crime begun by Cesare Lombroso , emphasizing social and economic factors. He argued against penal systems that stressed only punitive action, recommending crime prevention instead. Argentina's penal code of 1921 was based on his...

• Fry, Elizabeth (Gurney) 1780-1845, English prison reformer and philanthropist. Deeply religious, she was recognized as a minister by the Society of Friends (Quakers). From 1813 she worked untiringly to improve the...

• Garofalo, Raffaele 1851-1934, Italian jurist and criminologist. He studied at the Univ. of Naples, where he later taught law and criminal procedure. Second only to Enrico Ferri, he is considered to be the most...

• Hauptmann, Bruno Richard 1899-1936, convicted kidnapper and murderer, b. Germany. The infant son of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh was abducted (Mar. 1, 1932) at Hopewell, N.J., and a ransom of $50,000 for his release was paid through the intercession of Dr. John F. Condon. The child's battered body was found (May 12, 1932)...

• Howard, John 1726-90, English prison reformer. He had great influence in improving sanitary conditions and securing humane treatment in prisons throughout Europe. He was responsible (1774) for persuading the...

• Jack the Ripper name given to an unidentified late-19th-century murderer in London, England. From Aug. to Nov., 1888, he was responsible for the death and mutilation of at least seven female prostitutes in the...

• Jukes see Dugdale, Richard Louis.

• Lawes, Lewis Edward 1883-1947, American penologist, b. Elmira, N.Y. As warden (1920-41) of Sing Sing Prison, a New York state prison located at Ossining, N.Y., he carried out many reforms, advocating vocational...

• Lombroso, Cesare 1835-1909, Italian criminologist and physician. In 1876 he published a pamphlet setting forth his theory of the origin of criminal traits. In the study, later enlarged into the famous L'uomo delinquente (5th ed., 3 vol., 1896-97; partial tr. as Criminal Man, 1911), he compared anthropological measurements and developed the concept of the atavistic, or born, criminal. In his later works, less importance was given to that concept. Although the scientific...

• Luciano, Lucky (Charles Luciano), 1896-1962, American crime boss, b. near Palermo, Sicily, as Salvatore Luciana. His family emigrated in 1906, settling in New York City, where he almost immediately embarked on a...

• Moore, Barrington 1913-, American sociologist and political scientist. Moore has written a number of books on historical sociology that focus on Soviet society. Based at the Russian Research Center at Harvard, he...

• Osborne, Thomas Mott 1859-1926, American prison reformer, b. Auburn, N.Y., grad. Harvard, 1884. As chairman (1913) of the state commission on prison reform he became a voluntary prisoner in the Auburn penitentiary in...

• Pinkerton, Allan 1819-84, American detective, founder of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, b. Glasgow, Scotland. A cooper by trade, he emigrated to the United States in 1842 and opened in West Dundee, Ill.,...

• Rothstein, Arnold 1883-1928, American gambler, b. New York City. Supposedly beginning his career at the age of 12, Rothstein became a professional gambler and operated gaming houses in New York City, Saratoga...

• Tarde, Gabriel de 1843-1904, French sociologist and criminologist. During his years of public service as a magistrate, he became interested in the psychosocial bases of crime. In Penal Philosophy (1890, tr. 1912) and...

• Unabomber or Unabomer , name given by the FBI to the elusive perpetrator of a series of bombings (1975-95) in the United States that killed 3 and wounded 23. The targets were mainly academics in technological...

• Vidocq, Eugène François 1775-1857, French detective. After a career of crime for which he had been imprisoned, he joined the Paris Sûreté (security police) as a police spy in 1809. He became head of the detective branch,...