Documents for "Education: Biographies":

• Adler, Cyrus 1863-1940, American Jewish educator, grad. Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1883, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins, 1887. He taught Semitic languages at Johns Hopkins Univ. from 1884 to 1893. He was for a number of...

• Adler, Felix ăd´ler , 1851-1933, American educator and leader in social welfare, founder of the Ethical Culture movement , b. Germany. He was brought to the United States as a small child, was graduated from Columbia in 1870, and afterward studied in Germany. In 1876 he established the New York Society for Ethical...

• Agassiz, Elizabeth Cabot Cary 1822-1907, American author and educator, b. Boston. In 1850 she married Louis Agassiz, and together they established the pioneering Agassiz School for girls in Boston (1856-65). She accompanied her...

• Aggrey, James Emman Kwegyir 1875-1927, African educator and missionary, b. Anamabu, Gold Coast (now Ghana). Educated at Livingstone College, he taught there for twenty years before entering Columbia for graduate study. In...

• Alcott, Bronson 1799-1888, American educational and social reformer, b. near Wolcott, Conn., as Amos Bronson Alcox. His meager formal education was supplemented by omnivorous reading while he gained a living from...

• Angell, James Burrill 1829-1916, American educator, editor, and diplomat, b. Scituate, R.I., grad. Brown, 1849, and studied abroad. He became professor of modern languages at Brown. Resigning in 1860, he served as...

• Ansley, Clarke Fisher 1869-1939, American teacher and editor, b. Swedona, near Springfield, Ill., grad. Univ. of Nebraska, 1890. After teaching English at Nebraska, he was professor of English at the State Univ. of...

• Armstrong, Samuel Chapman 1839-93, American educator, philanthropist, and soldier, b. Hawaiian Islands, of missionary parents, grad. Williams, 1862. He served in the Union army in the Civil War, rising to the rank of major...

• Arnold, Thomas 1795-1842, English educator, b. Isle of Wight, educated at Winchester school and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1815 to 1819, was ordained deacon...

• Bagley, William Chandler 1874-1946, American educator and editor, b. Detroit, grad. Michigan State College (now Michigan State Univ.), 1895, M.S. Univ. of Wisconsin, 1898, Ph.D. Cornell Univ., 1900. He taught in elementary...

• Baker, George Pierce 1866-1935, American educator, b. Providence, R.I., grad. Harvard, 1887. He taught (1888-1924) in the English department at Harvard and there conceived and instituted (1906) the 47 Workshop, a class...

• Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter 1809-89, American educator and mathematician, b. Sheffield, Mass., grad. Yale, 1828. After tutoring at Yale and teaching in institutions for the deaf and mute, he joined the faculty of the Univ. of...

• Barnard, Henry 1811-1900, American educator, b. Hartford, Conn., grad. Yale, 1830. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1835. As a member (1837-39) of the Connecticut legislature, he originated and...

• Basedow, Johann Bernhard 1723-90, German educator, b. Hamburg, educated in Hamburg and at the Univ. of Leipzig. Later he taught in Denmark (1753) and Germany (1761) but became involved in controversies aroused by his...

• Beeby, Clarence Edward 1902-92, New Zealand educator, b. Leeds, England. After studying at the universities of New Zealand, London, and Manchester, Beeby taught at the Univ. of New Zealand from 1923 until 1934. In 1934...

• Beecher, Catharine Esther 1800-1878, American educator, b. East Hampton, N.Y.; daughter of Lyman Beecher. She first taught in New London, Conn., and in 1824 founded a girls' school in Hartford. Later she organized the...

• Bell, Alexander Melville 1819-1905, Scottish-American educator, b. Edinburgh. Bell worked out a physiological or visible alphabet, with symbols that were intended to represent every sound of the human voice. He taught...

• Bell, Andrew 1753-1832, British educator, b. St. Andrews, Scotland. After seven years in Virginia as a tutor, he returned to England, was ordained a deacon, and later (1789) became superintendent of an orphan...

• Bello, Andrés 1781-1865, South American intellectual leader, b. Venezuela. In 1810 he was sent with Bolívar on a mission to London, where he remained for 19 years as a diplomat, teacher, and writer. He...

• Berry, Martha McChesney 1866-1942, American educator and philanthropist, b. near Rome, Ga., Ph.D. Univ. of Georgia, 1920. Determined to provide educational opportunities for underprivileged mountain children, Berry opened...

• Bethune, Mary McLeod 1875-1955, American educator, b. Mayesville, S.C., grad. Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, 1895. The 17th child of former slaves, she taught (1895-1903) in a series of southern mission schools...

• Bingham, Caleb 1757-1817, American textbook writer, b. Salisbury, Conn. He taught until 1796, then became a bookseller and publisher in Boston. He wrote and published some of the earliest grammars, spelling...

• Birkbeck, George 1776-1841, English educator. He established (1800-1804) in Glasgow a popular course of lectures for workingmen, which led to the founding of the Glasgow Mechanics' Institution in 1823. He became...

• Blow, Susan Elizabeth 1843-1916, American educator, b. St. Louis. After study in New York City under a disciple of Froebel , she opened in Carondelet (now in St. Louis) the first successful public kindergarten (1873) and...

• Bode, Boyd Henry 1873-1953, American educator, b. Ridott, Ill., grad. Pennsylvania College (Iowa), 1896, Univ. of Michigan, 1897, Ph.D. Cornell Univ., 1900. He taught philosophy at the Univ. of Wisconsin from 1900...

• Bok, Derek Curtis 1930-, American educator and university president, b. Bryn Mawr, Pa., grad. Stanford (B.A., 1951) and Harvard (LL.B., 1954). A professor of law at Harvard from 1958, he served as dean of the law...

• Bollinger, Lee C. 1947-, American educator, b. Santa Rosa, Calif., grad. Univ. of Oregon (B.A.), Columbia (M.A.; LL.B.). He joined the faculty of the Univ. of Michigan Law School in 1973 and later served as its dean...

• Braidwood, Thomas 1715-1806, English educator, grad. Univ. of Edinburgh. He established (1760) at Edinburgh the first school in Great Britain for deaf-mutes, moving it to London in 1783.

• Braille, Louis 1809?-1852, French inventor of the Braille system of printing and writing for the blind. Having become blind from an accident at the age of 3, he was admitted at 10 to the Institution nationale...

• Brameld, Theodore 1904-87, American educator, b. Neillsville, Wis., grad. Ripon College, 1926; Ph.D. Univ. of Chicago, 1931. Brameld was best known for his theory of reconstructionism, which received widespread...

• Brewster, Kingman, Jr. 1919-88, American educator and public official, b. Longmeadow, Mass., grad. Yale (A.B., 1941) and Harvard (LL.B., 1948). He was a professor of law at Harvard (1950-60) and president of Yale...

• Bridgman, Laura 1829-89, the first blind and deaf person to be successfully educated, b. Hanover, N.H. Under the guidance of Dr. S. G. Howe , of the Perkins School for the Blind , she learned to read and write and to sew, eventually becoming a sewing teacher at the school, where she remained until her death. As a girl and young woman, Bridgman was famous, her life and...

• Briggs, Le Baron Russell 1855-1934, American educator, b. Salem, Mass., grad. Harvard (B.A., 1875; M.A., 1882). As a teacher at Harvard he developed, with Barrett Wendell, a prescribed and widely imitated freshman English...

• Brookings, Robert Somers 1850-1932, American businessman and philanthropist, b. Cecil co., Md. He earned a fortune in business in St. Louis, Mo., and retired in 1897 to devote himself to philanthropy. As chairman of the...

• Brown, Elmer Ellsworth 1861-1934, American educator, b. Chautauqua co., N.Y., grad. Illinois State Normal Univ., 1881, and studied at the Univ. of Michigan and in Germany. He taught education at the Univ. of Michigan...

• Bryson, Lyman 1888-1959, American educator, b. Valentine, Nebr., grad. Univ. of Michigan (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1915). He taught there from 1913 to 1917. From 1918 to 1924 he was active in Red Cross work. He was...

• Buisson, Ferdinand Édouard 1841-1932, French educator and Nobel Peace Prize winner. He studied at the Sorbonne and later taught (1866-70) in Switzerland. After 1870 he served in the French department of education, as an...

• Burgess, John William 1844-1931, American educator and political scientist, b. Tennessee. He served in the Union army in the Civil War and after the war graduated from Amherst (1867). He was admitted to the...

• Butler, Nicholas Murray 1862-1947, American educator, president of Columbia Univ. (1902-45), b. Elizabeth, N.J., grad. Columbia (B.A., 1882; Ph.D., 1884). Holding a Columbia fellowship, he studied at Paris and Berlin, specializing in philosophy. Beginning in 1885 he was made...

• Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette 1752-1822, French educator and author. She served as a reader to Louis XV's daughters and as lady-in-waiting to Marie Antoinette. In 1792 she founded a school for girls at Saint-Germain, which...

• Carpenter, George Rice 1863-1909, American educator, b. Labrador, grad. Harvard, 1886. After study abroad, he returned to teach at Harvard (1888-90) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1890-93). From 1893 he was...

• Carpenter, Mary 1807-77, English educator. She devoted her life to the establishment of schools and institutions and the promotion of educational reforms. In 1835 she organized the Working and Visiting Society, in...

• Clark, Jonas Gilman 1815-1900, founder of Clark Univ., b. Hubbardston, Mass. After a long career in business and finance, he became interested in higher education, making extended trips of observation abroad and...

• Clark, Kenneth Bancroft 1914-2005, American psychologist and educator, b. Panama Canal Zone, grad. Howard (B.A., 1935) and Columbia (Ph.D., 1940). Clark taught psychology at Howard (1937-38) and at Hampton Institute...

• Clark, William Smith 1826-86, American educator, b. Ashfield, Mass., grad. Amherst, 1848, and studied chemistry and botany at Göttingen (Ph.D., 1852). He taught at Amherst until the Civil War, fought in many battles,...

• Claxton, Philander Priestly 1862-1957, American educator, b. Bedford co., Tenn., grad. Univ. of Tennessee (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1887) and studied at Johns Hopkins Univ. and in Germany. After several years' experience as a...

• Comenius, John Amos Czech Jan Amos Komenský, 1592-1670, Moravian churchman and educator, last bishop of the Moravian Church. Comenius advocated relating education to everyday life by emphasizing contact with objects in the environment and...

• Conant, James Bryant 1893-1978, American educator, b. Dorchester, Mass., grad. Harvard (B.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1916). Except for a brief period in the army (1917-19), Conant taught chemistry at Harvard from 1916 until...

• Cooper, Myles 1737?-1785, 2d president of King's College (now Columbia Univ.), b. England, educated at Oxford. He was ordained a priest in 1761 and went to King's College (1762) as professor of moral philosophy...

• Cooper, Thomas 1759-1839, American scientist, educator, and political philosopher, b. London, educated at Oxford. His important works include Political Essays (1799); the appendixes to the Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley (2 vol., 1806), in which he reviews Priestley's life and works at length; Lectures on the Elements of Political Economy (1826); Treatise on the Law of Libel (1830); and (as editor) The Statutes at Large of South Carolina (5 vol., 1836-39). Cooper emigrated to the United States in 1794 and, settling near his friend Joseph Priestley in Northumberland, Pa., was his partner in scientific research. As a supporter of the...

• Cordier, Andrew Wellington 1901-75, American educator and public official, b. Canton, Ohio. He studied at Manchester College in Indiana, where he later taught (1923-44). He also studied at the Univ. of Chicago and at the...

• Cornell, Ezra 1807-74, American financier and founder of Cornell Univ. , b. Westchester Landing, N.Y. Cornell, who began life as a laborer, was of an ingenious mechanical bent and had a shrewd business mind. He aided in constructing (1844) the telegraph line between...

• Cotton, George Edward Lynch 1813-66, English clergyman and educator, grad. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1836. From 1837 until 1852 he was an assistant master at Rugby and is the "young master" in Thomas Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days. He later became (1852) headmaster of Marlborough College and after 1858 served as bishop of Calcutta (now Kolkata), where he did extensive missionary work and established numerous schools for...

• Counts, George Sylvester 1889-1974, American educator, b. near Baldwin City, Kans., grad. Baker Univ., 1911, Ph.D. Univ. of Chicago, 1916. He taught in the educational departments of several universities before joining the...

• Cousin, Victor 1792-1867, French educational leader and philosopher, founder of the eclectic school. He lectured at the Sorbonne from 1814 until 1821, when political reaction forced him to leave. Recalled to...

• Crandell, Prudence 1803-89, American educator and abolitionist, b. Hopkinton, R.I. In 1831 she opened a school for girls in Canterbury, Conn. Her decision to admit a black was protested, and in 1833 she decided to...

• Cremin, Lawrence Arthur 1925-91, American educator and historian, b. New York City. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1949 and began teaching at Teachers College, Columbia. He became a member of the history...

• Cross, Wilbur Lucius 1862-1948, American educator and public official, b. Mansfield, Conn., grad. Yale (B.A., 1885; Ph.D., 1889). He was instructor (1894-97), assistant professor (1897-1902), and professor (1902-30) of...

• Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson 1868-1941, American educator, b. Andrews, Ind., grad. Univ. of Indiana, 1891, Ph.D. Columbia, 1905. He was a pioneer writer in the history of American education and served as president (1891-96) of...

• Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe 1825-1903, American educator, b. Lincoln co., Ga., grad. Univ. of Georgia, 1843. He studied law at Harvard and later became a member of the Alabama legislature, then of Congress (1857-61) and of...

• Dalcroze, Émile Jaques see Jaques-Dalcroze.

• Dillard, James Hardy 1856-1940, American educator, b. Nansemond co., Va., grad. Washington and Lee Univ., 1876. Professor (1891-1907) of Latin at Tulane, where he was also dean (1904-7) of the academic colleges,...

• Dodds, Harold Willis 1889-1980, American educator, b. Utica, Pa., grad. Grove City College, 1909, M.A. Princeton, 1914, Ph.D. Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1917. He taught economics and political science and became well known...

• Duchesne, Saint Rose Philippine 1769-1852, French educator in the United States, a Roman Catholic nun, b. Grenoble, France. She entered the order of the Visitation, but was forced (1791) by the antireligious decrees of the...

• Duncan, Robert Kennedy 1868-1914, American industrial chemist and educator b. Brantford, Ont., grad. Univ. of Toronto (B.A., 1892). He was professor at the Univ. of Kansas (1906-10) and at the Univ. of Pittsburgh...

• Dunster, Henry c.1612-1659, first president of Harvard, b. Lancashire, England, educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge (M.A., 1634). He emigrated to New England in 1640 and was almost at once (Aug. 27, 1640)...

• Durant, Henry Fowle 1822-81, American lawyer and educator, b. Hanover, N.H., grad. Harvard, 1841. Christened Henry Welles Smith, he adopted the name Durant (1851) because he felt there were too many lawyers in Boston...

• Dwight, Timothy 1752-1817, American clergyman, author, educator, b. Northampton, Mass., grad. Yale, 1769. He renounced legal for theological studies and after 1783 was pastor for 12 years of a Congregational...

• Dwight, Timothy 1828-1916, American educator, b. Norwich, Conn., grad. Yale, 1849; grandson of Timothy Dwight (1752-1817). Appointed professor of sacred literature at Yale, he assisted in the reorganization of the...

• Dykstra, Clarence Addison 1883-1950, American educator and civic administrator, b. Cleveland, grad. Univ. of Iowa, 1903. After graduate work at the Univ. of Chicago, he taught in Pensacola, Fla., was instructor in history...

• Eaton, John 1829-1906, American educator, b. Sutton, N.H., grad. Dartmouth, 1854. After serving as a school principal in Cleveland, Ohio, and as superintendent of schools in Toledo, he enrolled at Andover...

• Edgeworth, Richard Lovell 1744-1817, Anglo-Irish educational theorist, b. Bath, England, educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Oxford; father of Maria Edgeworth. A member of the literary coterie of Lichfield, he was a...

• Eisenhower, Milton Stover 1899-1985, American educator and public official, b. Abilene, Kans., grad. Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science (now Kansas State Univ.), 1924; brother of Dwight David Eisenhower. After a brief teaching career, he served in the Foreign Service and the Agriculture Department. In 1942 he was asked to direct the relocation of Japanese-Americans in California. In 1943 he became...

• Eliot, Charles William 1834-1926, American educator and president of Harvard, b. Boston, grad. Harvard, 1853. In 1854 he was appointed tutor in mathematics at Harvard and in 1858 became assistant professor of mathematics...

• Epée, Charles Michel, Abbé de l' 1712-89, French pioneer teacher of deaf-mutes. A Jansenist priest, he developed a manual system of communication for deaf-mutes and founded a school for their instruction in 1755. In 1776 he...

• Evans, John 1814-97, American founder of educational institutions, b. Waynesville, Ohio, grad. Lynn Medical College, Cincinnati, 1838. He practiced medicine in Indiana and was the first superintendent (1845)...

• Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert 1810-94, American educator, b. Georgetown, D.C., grad. West Point, 1832; brother of Gen. R. S. Ewell. He taught mathematics at West Point, Hampden-Sidney College, and Washington College (now...

• Fackenthal, Frank Diehl 1883-1968, American educator, b. Hellertown, Pa., grad. Columbia, 1906. He served Columbia as chief clerk (1906-10), secretary (1910-37), and provost (1937-48). Between the retirement of Nicholas...

• Fellenberg, Philipp Emanuel von 1771-1844, Swiss educator and agriculturist. He purchased (1799) an estate, Hofwyl (near Bern), where he put into practice his theory of combining farm training with a well-rounded education,...

• Finley, Robert 1772-1817, American clergyman, a founder of the American Colonization Society , b. Princeton, N.J. In 1787 he graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton), where he later studied theology. Ordained in 1795, he served for over 20 years at Basking Ridge, N.J., both...

• Fisk, Willbur 1792-1839, American clergyman and educator, b. Brattleboro, Vt. Ordained a Methodist minister in 1818, he rapidly became a leader of that denomination in New England. In 1825, Fisk helped to...

• Flexner, Abraham 1866-1959, American educator, b. Louisville, Ky., grad. Johns Hopkins Univ., 1886. After 19 years as a secondary school teacher and principal, he took graduate work at Harvard and at the Univ. of...

• Fröbel, Friedrich Wilhelm August see Froebel.

• Frank, Glenn 1887-1940, American editor and educator, b. Queen City, Mo., grad. Northwestern Univ., 1912. He was assistant to the president of Northwestern Univ. from 1912 to 1916. In 1919, Frank joined the...

• Freire, Paulo 1921-97, Brazilian educator. After his exile from Brazil following the military coup in 1964, Freire taught in Chile and was a consultant to UNESCO. He taught at Harvard and was a consultant to...

• Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August 1782-1852, German educator and founder of the kindergarten system. He had an unhappy childhood and very little formal schooling, learning what he could from wide reading and close observation of nature; he studied for a short time at the Univ. of Jena. He...

• Gabelsberger, Franz Xaver 1780-1849, German stenographer. He invented a popular German shorthand system.

• Gale, George Washington 1789-1861, American educator and clergyman, b. Stanford, N.Y., grad. Union College, 1814, and Princeton Theological Seminary, 1819. In 1827 he founded Oneida Institute at Whitesboro, N.Y., where...

• Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins 1787-1851, American educator of the deaf, b. Philadelphia, grad. Andover Theological Seminary. In England and France he studied methods of education in schools for the deaf, and in Hartford,...

• Garfield, Harry Augustus 1863-1942, American educator, b. Hiram, Ohio, grad. Williams 1885, studied law at Columbia; son of President James A. Garfield. From 1888 to 1903 he practiced law in Cleveland, Ohio, where he was...

• Giamatti, A. Bartlett 1938-89, American educator and sports executive, b. Boston. President of Yale Univ. from 1978 to 1986, he was president of baseball's National League (1986-89). Shortly before his death, he was...

• Gildersleeve, Virginia Crocheron 1877-1965, American educator, b. New York City, grad. Columbia (B.A., Barnard, 1899; Ph.D., 1908). She was professor of English at Barnard from 1900 to 1911, when she was appointed dean, a position...

• Gilman, Daniel Coit 1831-1908, American educator, first president of Johns Hopkins Univ., b. Norwich, Conn., grad. Yale, 1852. After serving as attaché (1853-55) of the American legation at St. Petersburg, he returned...

• Giner de los Ríos, Francisco 1839-1915, Spanish educator and philosopher. He founded the Institución Libre de Enseñanza, a school that sought to develop a spirit of inquiry in its students; it did much to reform teaching...

• Glueck, Nelson 1900-1971, American archaeologist and educator, b. Cincinnati, grad. Univ. of Cincinnati, 1920, Ph.D. Univ. of Jena, Germany, 1926. Among the more than 1,000 sites in the Middle East that Glueck...

• Grant, George Munro 1835-1902, Canadian educator and author, b. Nova Scotia, educated at the Univ. of Glasgow. From 1877 to 1902 he was principal of Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont.; under him the university made great...

• Graves, Frank Pierrepont 1869-1956, American educator, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., grad. Columbia (B.A., 1890; Ph.D., 1912). He taught Greek and classical philology at Tufts College (1891-96), was president of the Univ. of Wyoming...

• Gray, Hanna Holborn 1930-, American historian, president of the Univ. of Chicago (1978-93), b. Germany. Her father, the eminent historian Hajo Holborn, fled the Nazis in 1934 and settled in the U.S. A Renaissance and...

• Gulick, Luther Halsey 1865-1918, American pioneer in physical education, b. Honolulu, of American missionary parents. He studied at Oberlin College, Sargent School of Physical Training (now part of Boston Univ.), and...

• Gulick, Luther Halsey 1892-1992, American public administrator and educator, b. Osaka, Japan, grad. Oberlin College, 1914. He studied at the Training School for Public Service, New York and at Columbia (Ph.D., 1920). A...

• Hall, Samuel Read 1795-1877, American educator and clergyman, b. Croydon, N.H. After teaching in Rumford, Maine, and Fitchburg, Mass., he founded (1823) at Concord, Vt., a training school for teachers, one of the...

• Harper, William Rainey 1856-1906, American educator and Hebrew scholar, b. New Concord, Ohio, grad. Muskingum College, 1870, Ph.D. Yale, 1875. The author of many texts on Hebrew language and literature, Harper taught...

• Harris, William Torrey 1835-1909, American educator and philosopher, b. Windham co., Conn., educated at Yale. He was superintendent (1868-80) of the St. Louis public school system and was U.S. commissioner of education...

• Harvard, John 1607-38, chief founder of Harvard College, b. Southwark, England, M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1635. He immigrated in 1637 to Charlestown, Mass., where he was assistant to the pastor and...

• Hibben, John Grier 1861-1933, American educator, b. Peoria, Ill., grad. Princeton (B.A. 1882; Ph.D., 1893) and studied at the Univ. of Berlin and Princeton Theological Seminary. He was minister of the Presbyterian...

• Hill, Sir Rowland 1795-1879, English educator, inventor, and postal reformer. He introduced the system of self-government in his school at Hazelwood in Birmingham. In his Plans for the Government and Education of Boys in Large Numbers (1822) he argued that moral influence of the highest kind should be the predominant power in school discipline. After his retirement from teaching (1833), Hill invented a rotary printing press and...

• Holbrook, Josiah 1788-1854, American educator, founder of the lyceum movement, b. Derby, Conn., grad. Yale (1810). He experimented with various schools where manual training, farming, and formal instruction were combined. After the failure (1825) of his Agricultural...

• Hopkins, Johns 1795-1873, American financier and philanthropist, founder of Johns Hopkins Univ., b. Anne Arundel co., Md. In 1819 he founded his own commission firm, later known as Hopkins Brothers, and also went...

• Hopkins, Mark 1802-87, American educator, b. Stockbridge, Mass., grad. Williams, 1824, and Berkshire Medical School, 1829. After a few months of medical practice he returned (1830) to Williams as professor of...

• Hostos, Eugenio María de 1839-1903, Latin American philosopher, sociologist, writer, and political and educational reformer, b. Puerto Rico, educated in Spain. He advocated a federation of the Antilles, including Puerto...

• Hoyt, John Wesley 1831-1912, American educator, b. Worthington, Ohio, grad. Ohio Wesleyan Univ., 1849. In Madison, Wis., he published the Wisconsin Farmer and Northwestern Cultivator. A founder of the Republican party and first president of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, he sponsored the establishment of the state agricultural college in a reorganization...

• Humboldt, Wilhelm, Freiherr von 1767-1835, German statesman and philologist; brother of Alexander von Humboldt. As Prussian minister of education (1809-10) he thoroughly reformed the school system, largely on the basis of the ideas of Pestalozzi , and he sent Prussian teachers to study the methods of Pestalozzi's school in Switzerland. He was one of the founders of the Univ. of Berlin. Humboldt was one of the great liberal reformers of...

• Hutchins, Robert Maynard 1899-1977, American educator, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., studied at Oberlin College, grad. Yale, 1921, taught in the Yale law school (1925-27), and served as dean (1927-29). He became president of the...

• Isaacs, Susan Sutherland 1885-1948, British educator. After studying at the universities of Manchester and Cambridge, she became a lecturer in early childhood education. A disciple of Sigmund Freud and John Dewey , she ran an experimental progressive school, Malting House, in Cambridge from 1924 to 1927. The school emphasized direct instruction and had no established curriculum. She was one of the first...

• Jackman, Wilbur Samuel 1855-1907, American educator, b. Mechanicstown, Ohio, grad. Harvard, 1884. Jackman was a leader of the nature study movement in elementary schools. He taught (after 1889) at the Cook County Normal...

• Jackson, Sheldon 1834-1909, American missionary and educator, b. Montgomery co., N.Y., grad. Union College, 1855, and Princeton Theological Seminary, 1858. After a career as a Presbyterian missionary in Minnesota...

• Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile 1865-1950, Swiss educator and composer, b. Vienna, studied at the Geneva Conservatory, at the Paris Conservatory with Léo Delibes, and in Vienna with Anton Bruckner. From 1892 to 1909 he taught at...

• Johnson, Samuel 1696-1772, American clergyman, educator, and philosopher, b. Guilford, Conn., grad. Collegiate School (now Yale), 1714; father of William Samuel Johnson. He became a Congregationalist minister, but in 1722 joined the Church of England. In 1724 he opened the first Anglican church in Connecticut at Stratford, remaining its minister until 1754, when...

• Judd, Charles Hubbard 1873-1946, American psychologist, b. India. He was educated at the Univ. of Leipzig (Ph.D., 1896), where he studied with Wilhelm Wundt. Judd taught at the Univ. of Cincinnati, Yale Univ., and the Univ. of Chicago, where he was director of the department of education from 1909 until his retirement in 1938. Judd was a leading figure...

• Karmel, Peter 1922-, Australian educator. Karmel was educated at the Univ. of Melbourne and Cambridge Univ. He worked at the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (1943-45) before teaching at the Univ...

• Keppel, Francis 1916-90, American educator, b. New York City. A Harvard graduate, Keppel was named dean of Harvard's Graduate School of Education in 1948. There he introduced television into education and created...

• Kerr, Clark 1911-2003, American educational reformer, b. Reading, Pa., grad. Swarthmore College (B.A., 1932) and the Univ. of California at Berkeley (Ph.D., 1939). He was a professor of industrial relations...

• Kerschensteiner, Georg Michael 1854-1932, German educational theorist. Educated in Munich, he taught math in Nuremberg and Schweinfurt, he was director of the Munich public schools from 1895 to 1919 and became (1920) a...

• Kirk, Grayson Louis 1903-97, American educator, b. Jeffersonville, Ohio, grad. Miami Univ., 1924, Ph.D. Univ. of Wisconsin, 1930. He taught at Wisconsin from 1929, then became a professor of government (1940-72) at...

• Lancaster, Joseph 1778-1838, English educator. In 1801 he founded a free elementary school, using a type of monitorial system for which he acknowledged his debt to Andrew Bell. The Royal Lancasterian Society was later established (1808) to direct the school. However, Lancaster, embittered by controversy with the society and with Bell, whose system had the support of the...

• Larsen, Peter Laurentius 1833-1915, American educator, b. Norway. He emigrated to the United States in 1857 as a Lutheran missionary. From 1859 to 1861 he was professor of theology at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, but...

• Lattimore, Owen 1900-1989, American author and educator, b. Washington, D.C. He was educated (1915-19) at St. Bees School, Cumberland, England, and did graduate research (1928-29) at Harvard. From 1920 to 1926 he...

• Levi, Edward Hirsch 1911-2000, American lawyer, legal educator, and public official, b. Chicago, grad. Univ. of Chicago and Yale Univ. law school. Long associated with the Univ. of Chicago, he was a professor of law...

• Low, Seth 1850-1916, American political reformer and college president, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., grad. Columbia, 1870. He entered his father's tea and silk importing firm, but became interested in politics and was...

• Lowell, Abbott Lawrence 1856-1943, American educator, president of Harvard (1909-33), b. Boston, grad. Harvard (B.A., 1877; LL.B., 1880); brother of Percival Lowell and Amy Lowell. He practiced law in Boston for 17 years...

• Lyon, Mary 1797-1849, American educator, founder of Mt. Holyoke College, b. Buckland, Mass. She attended three academies in Massachusetts; later she taught at Ashfield, Mass., Londonderry, N.H., and Ipswich,...

• MacCracken, Henry Mitchell 1840-1918, American educator, b. Oxford, Ohio, grad. Miami Univ. (Ohio), 1857. After a brief teaching career MacCracken entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1863. From 1881 to 1884 he was...

• Macy, Anne Sullivan 1866-1936, American educator, friend and teacher of Helen Keller , b. Feeding Hills, Mass. Placed in Tewksbury almshouse (1876), she was later admitted (1880) to Perkins Institution for the Blind, since her eyes had been seriously weakened by a childhood...

• Mahan, Dennis Hart 1802-71, American soldier and educator, b. New York City; father of Alfred Thayer Mahan. He graduated (1824) from West Point, and from that year until 1871, except for four years (1826-30) spent in...

• Makarenko, Anton Semyonovich 1888-1939, Russian educator. In the 1920s, Makarenko organized the Gorky Colony, a home for children left homeless by the Russian Revolution of Oct., 1917. In 1931 became head of Dzerzhinsky Commune, an institution for juvenile offenders. A supporter of Stalin, his theories emphasized the importance of physical labor, discipline, and...

• Mann, Horace 1796-1859, American educator, b. Franklin, Mass. He received a sparse preliminary schooling, but succeeded in entering Brown in the sophomore class and graduated with honors in 1819. He studied...

• McGill, William James 1922-97, American educator and psychologist, b. New York City, grad. Fordham (A.B., 1943) and Harvard (Ph.D., 1953). A specialist in psychophysics and mathematical psychology, he was professor of...

• McGuffey, William Holmes 1800-1873, American educator, b. near Claysville, Pa. He was graduated from Washington and Jefferson College in 1826, having meanwhile taught in rural schools, and became professor of languages at...

• McIntosh, Millicent Carey 1898-2001, American educator, b. Baltimore, grad. Bryn Mawr, 1920, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins Univ., 1926. From 1926 to 1930 she taught at Bryn Mawr and was acting dean in 1929-30. She was headmistress of...

• McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham 1861-1947, American educator and historian, b. Beardstown, Ill., grad. Univ. of Michigan (B.A., 1882; LL.B., 1885). He taught history at the Univ. of Michigan (1887-1906), becoming a full...

• McLuhan, Marshall (Herbert Marshall McLuhan), 1911-80, Canadian communications theorist and educator, b. Edmonton, Alta. He taught at the Univ. of Toronto (1946-80) and at other institutions of higher education in...

• Meiklejohn, Alexander 1872-1964, American educator, b. Rochdale, England, grad. Brown Univ., 1893, Ph.D. Cornell Univ., 1897. He taught philosophy at Brown (1897-1912), serving as dean after 1901 and, after 1906, as...

• Merton, Walter de d. 1277, English bishop, founder of Merton College, Oxford. He was lord chancellor from 1261 to 1263, was reappointed after the death of Henry III (1272), and was made bishop of Rochester in 1274...

• Monroe, Paul 1869-1947, American educator, b. North Madison, Ind., grad. Franklin College, 1890, Ph.D. Univ. of Chicago, 1897. At Teachers College, Columbia, he was professor of education from 1902 until his...

• Montessori, Maria 1870-1952, Italian educator and physician. She was the originator of the Montessori method of education for young children and was the first woman to receive (1894) a medical degree in Italy. ...

• Moton, Robert Russa 1867-1940, black American educator, b. Amelia co., Va., grad. Hampton Institute, 1890. He was commandant (1890-1915) of Hampton Institute, then principal and president of Tuskegee Institute until...

• Neill, Alexander Sutherland 1883-1973, English educator. After teaching at state schools in Scotland, Neill became dissatisfied with traditional education. In 1924, he set up the progressive coeducational Summerhill School at...

• Neilson, William Allan 1869-1946, American educator, b. Scotland, M.A. Univ. of Edinburgh, 1891, Ph.D. Harvard, 1898. He taught English in Scotland and Canada and at Bryn Mawr and Columbia and served (1906-17) as...

• Nicolson, Marjorie Hope 1894-1981, American educator, b. Yonkers, N.Y., grad. Univ. of Michigan (B.A., 1914; M.A., 1918) and Yale (Ph.D., 1920). She was dean and professor at Smith from 1929 to 1941, when she became the...

• Norton, Charles Eliot 1827-1908, American scholar and teacher, b. Cambridge, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1846. As professor of the history of art at Harvard (1875-98) and as a man of letters he had a stimulating influence on...

• Nott, Eliphalet 1773-1866, American educator, inventor, and clergyman, b. Ashford, Conn. In 1804, Nott became president of Union College, a post he held for 62 years; he initiated an extensive building program...

• Palmer, Alice Freeman 1855-1902, American educator, b. Broome co., N.Y., grad. Univ. of Michigan, 1876. She was one of the leading early proponents of higher education for women in the United States. In 1879 she became...

• Palmer, George Herbert 1842-1933, American educator, philosopher, and author, b. Boston, grad. Harvard, 1864, Andover Theological Seminary, 1870, studied (1867-69) in Europe. He became tutor in Greek at Harvard (1870)...

• Park, Rosemary 1907-, American educator, b. Andover, Mass., grad. Radcliffe (B.A., 1928; M.A., 1929), Univ. of Cologne (Ph.D., 1934). She was instructor in German (1930-32) and acting dean of freshmen (1934-35)...

• Parker, Francis Wayland 1837-1902, American educator, b. Bedford, N.H. At the age of 16 he began his first job as a teacher in New Hampshire. After serving with the Union army in the Civil War, he returned to teaching and...

• Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer 1804-94, American educator, lecturer, and reformer, b. Billerica, Mass. The Peabody family moved (c.1809) to Salem, where the father began practicing dentistry. Of the three Peabody sisters, the...

• Peabody, Endicott pē´bädē, -bedē , 1857-1944, American educator, b. Salem, Mass., grad. Cheltenham College, 1876, LL.B. Cambridge, 1880. Ordained (1885) in the Episcopal Church, Peabody had founded in 1884 the Groton School,...

• Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich 1746-1827, Swiss educational reformer, b. Zürich. His theories laid the foundation of modern elementary education. He studied theology at the Univ. of Zürich but was forced to abandon his career...

• Peterson, Martha 1916-, American educator, b. Jamestown, Kans., grad. Univ. of Kansas (A.B., 1937; Ph.D., 1959). She served as instructor in mathematics, assistant dean of women, and dean of women at the Univ. of...

• Phillips, Samuel 1752-1802, American educator and politician, b. North Andover, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1771. A member of the Massachusetts provincial congress (1775-80) and a delegate to the state constitutional...

• Pitman, Sir Isaac 1813-97, English inventor of phonographic shorthand. In Stenographic Soundhand (1837) he set forth a shorthand system based on phonetic rather than orthographic principles; adapted to more than a dozen languages, it became one of the most-used systems in the world. Through...

• Porter, Noah 1811-92, American educator and philosopher, b. Farmington, Conn., grad. Yale, 1831. He entered the ministry in 1836. In 1846 he became professor of moral philosophy and metaphysics at Yale and from...

• Pusey, Nathan Marsh pyoo´zē , 1907-2001, American educator, b. Council Bluffs, Iowa, grad. Harvard (B.A., 1928; M.A., 1932; Ph.D., 1937). A classical scholar, Pusey taught at Lawrence College, Appleton, Wis. (1935-38); Scripps...

• Raikes, Robert 1735-1811, English philanthropist. In 1780 he organized a Sunday school , primarily for poor children, who were taught to read and to spell to enable them to read the Bible. The Raikes system spread rapidly through England and he became known as the founder of Sunday...

• Ridpath, John Clark 1840-1900, American educator and author, b. Putnam co., Ind., grad. Indiana Asbury College (now DePauw Univ.), 1863. After teaching in Indiana schools, he was successively (1869-85) professor of...

• Rogers, William Barton 1804-82, American geologist and educator, b. Philadelphia, grad. William and Mary, 1822. He was professor of geology at William and Mary (1828-35) and at the Univ. of Virginia (1835-53) and headed...

• Rudenstine, Neil Leon 1935-, American scholar, educator, and administrator, b. Ossining, N.Y., grad. Princeton (B.A., 1956), Oxford (Rhodes scholar; B.A., 1959; M.A., 1963). He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1964...

• Rupp, George Erik 1942-, American educator and theologian, b. Summit, N.J. He studied in Germany before graduating from Princeton Univ. He earned a B.D. degree from Yale Univ. and a doctorate from Harvard. A...

• Russell, James Earl 1864-1945, American educator, b. Hamden, N.Y., grad. Cornell Univ., 1887, Ph.D. Leipzig, 1894. From 1895 to 1897 he was professor of philosophy and pedagogy at the Univ. of Colorado. In 1897 he...

• Russell, William Fletcher 1890-1956, American educator, b. Delhi, N.Y., grad. Cornell Univ., 1910, Ph.D. Columbia, 1914; son of James Earl Russell. He was dean (1917-23) of the College of Education, State Univ. of Iowa, and...

• Schurman, Jacob Gould 1854-1942, American educator and diplomat, b. Freetown, Prince Edward Island. His education was completed in London, Edinburgh, and, as Hibbert fellow, in Heidelberg, Berlin, and Göttingen. In...

• Seelye, Julius Hawley 1824-95, American clergyman and educator, b. Bethel, Conn., grad. Amherst, 1849, and Auburn Theological Seminary, 1852, and studied in Germany; brother of L. C. Seelye. After serving as pastor of...

• Seelye, Laurenus Clark 1837-1924, American educator and Congregational clergyman, b. Bethel, Conn., grad. Union College, 1857, and studied at Andover Theological Seminary and in Germany; brother of J. H. Seelye. From...