Rodgers, Jimmie

views updated May 18 2018

Jimmie Rodgers

Singer, songwriter, guitarist

Jimmie Rodgers was the first country music singer who achieved national fame, international recognition, and superstar status. Today the laconic Rodgers is known as the “Father of Country Music,” even though his career spanned a brief six years (but consisted of over one hundred recordings). Rodgers was a truly eclectic musician who was able to combine the popular tunes of urban dance clubs and Tin Pan Alley with rural instrumentation and vocals; he punctuated his best-known songs with an original “blue yodel” that has since been widely imitated in both country and blue-grass music. In the midst of the Great Depression, when 78 r.p.m. records cost a staggering seventy-five cents, each Rodgers release sold nearly a million copies. Unfortunately, Rodgers died of tuberculosis at the height of his fame, relinquishing his place on the stage to a host of imitators.

According to Chris Comber and Mike Paris in Stars of Country Music, Rodgers “popularized country music by taking it out of its rural environment and setting it firmly on the road to the multimillion-dollar industry it is today. He did this by fusing many of the accepted styles in popular music and mixing them with his own brand of genius.” Rodgers could play guitar and banjo, he wrote some of his songs and adapted all the others to suit him, and he borrowed styles from such widely-scattered sources as blues, ballads, vaudeville entertainment, and Hawaiian numbers. Small though it is, the Rodgers repertory contains every sort of song associated with country music today, from lovelorn lament to railroad misadventure to good-natured travelling tunes.

Rodgers was more than a competent musician, however. He was an endearing entertainer whose easy stage presence was captured on his recordings. He created a believable—if not terribly admirable—stage persona that reached audiences in the Deep South and beyond. As Bill C Malone puts it in Country Music U.S.A., Rodgers “brought into clear focus the tradition of the rambling man which had been so attractive to country music’s folk ancestors and which has ever since fascinated much of the country music audience. This ex-railroad man conveyed the impression that he had been everywhere and had experienced life to the fullest. His music suggested a similar openness of spirit, a willingness to experiment, and a receptivity to alternative styles.” Comber and Paris offer a similar observation. Rodgers’s informal approach, they write, “gave each listener something with which he could identify. Rodgers’s sad songs were for those who were sad, his railroad songs were for the railroaders, his hobo songs were for the hoboes, his love songs with their tender lyrics were for lovers, and his bawdy songs were for those who could still enjoy themselves in times of adversity. Jimmie Rodgers was genuine. He had lived

For the Record…

Full name, James Charles Rodgers; born September 8, 1897, in Meridian, Miss.; died of tuberculosis May 26, 1933, in New York, N.Y.; son of Aaron W. (a railroad section foreman) and Eliza (Bozeman) Rodgers; married second wife, Carrie Williamson, April 7, 1920; children: (second marriage) Carrie Anita.

Left school in 1911 to work on the railroad; began as water boy for Mobile and Ohio line, became callboy and brakeman; retired due to ill health, 1924. Began professional music career, 1925, working as black-face singer-banjo player with travelling show; formed band the Jimmie Rodgers Entertainers, 1926, had radio debut on WWNC (Asheville, N.C.), 1926. Signed with Victor records, 1927, had first hit “Blue Yodel Number One (T is for Texas),” 1928.

all his lyrics: he had been sad, glad, gay, blue, broke, and in love. He had been a railroad man, and he had hoboed when he had to. Thus his recordings told of true-life experiences in a down-to-earth, unaffected way.”

James Charles Rodgers was born in Meridian, Mississippi, on September 8, 1897. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was four, and he himself was a sickly child who often missed school. Because his father worked as a section foreman on the Mobile and Ohio railroad, Rodgers was passed from relative to relative in various small Mississippi towns. In 1911 he dropped out of school and went to work with his father on the railroad, beginning as a water boy. There, as he brought water to the black laborers, he began to pick up the music that was part of every railroader’s day. On noon lunch breaks the black musicians taught him the rudiments of banjo and guitar, and he began to dream of a career as a performer.

Dogged by ill health, Rodgers worked on the railroads for more than fourteen years. He was primarily employed as a brakeman, and his work took him from the South to the Rocky Mountains. During one of his numerous periods of unemployment he tried to support his wife and daughter by singing in blackface in a minstrel show. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1924 and almost died when a lung hemorrhaged. The illness— one of the most feared in those days—forced Rodgers to retire permanently from railroading. As an alternative he formed a dance band with his sister-in-law, Elsie McWilliams, and a violinist named Slim Rozell. Comber and Paris write: “This short-lived excursion into the dance band style introduced [Rodgers] to the melodies of popular music, many of which he later incorporated into his recordings, and allowed him to spend some time with his sister-in-law, who was a talented musician and composer.”

By 1927 Rodgers had a modest musical career under way, with a short stint on an Asheville, North Carolina, radio station as the high point. That year an executive for Victor Records, Ralph Peer, announced that he would audition local talent at a portable studio in Bristol, Virginia. Rodgers was one of a number of entertainers who descended on Bristol, but at the last moment his backup band deserted him. Thus he appeared before Peer as a solo artist. Rodgers sang “The Soldier’s Sweetheart” and “Sleep, Baby, Sleep” to his own guitar accompaniment, and Peer signed him to a contract. Rodgers’s first record was released in October, 1927, and even though it presented nothing particularly original, it sold well. Within five weeks of the Bristol session, Rodgers travelled to New York City quite on his own initiative and pressured Peer to make more records. It was then that Rodgers recorded “T is for Texas,” an original blue yodel that is better known as “Blue Yodel Number One.”

Comber and Paris note that when “T is for Texas” was released early in 1928, it “caught on like wildfire.” Rodgers’s income leaped from nearly zero to more than $2000 per month in just six months, and he quite willingly began to cut a number of records. The blue yodels proved especially popular, leading some to call Rodgers “America’s Blue Yodeler,” but other tunes found wide audiences as well. In 1929 Rodgers appeared in a short film, The Singing Brakeman, that provided his other nickname. By that time he had called in his sister-in-law with her library of music, and he was recording as fast as his ill health would allow. Needless to say, Rodgers was in great demand as a live performer, but he was never able to maintain the rigorous pace that touring demanded. When he did appear live—usually in the Deep South near his Texas home—he played for no more than twenty minutes. This acknowledged frailty only increased Rodgers’s popularity, especially when he sang “T.B. Blues” and “Whippin’ That Old T.B.”

Rodgers found fantastic fame and prosperity even as the Great Depression descended. He indulged in every extravagance, delighting those in his audience who could barely afford to buy his records. Radio helped to propel his career, and a veritable army of aspiring country singers began to emulate their idol. Tragically, Rodgers’s tuberculosis worsened every time he tried to exert himself, and by 1933 he was hospitalized with little expectation of survival. In April, 1933, he rallied just long enough to travel to New York for one last session. Between takes he rested on a cot, attended by a private nurse. Just as the session ended he suffered a serious hemorrhage and died in his room at the Taft Hotel. The whole nation mourned, and no less than four testimonial songs about him became best-sellers.

Malone writes: “In assessing Jimmie Rodgers’ influence on American folk music and on a later generation of commercial performers, one can safely use the adjective ‘phenomenal.’ Indeed, one would be hard pressed to find a performer in the whole broad field of pop music—whether it be Al Jolson, Bing Crosby, or Frank Sinatra—who has exerted a more profound and recognizable influence on later generations of entertainers. No one as yet has made a full-scale attempt to determine how many of his songs have gone into popular or folk tradition, and there is no way to measure the number of people, amateur and professional, who have been inspired by him to take up the guitar or try their luck at singing. With the emergence of Jimmie Rodgers, country folk finally had one of their own to use as a model—a personification of the success that might be possible in the world of music, and the possessor of a magnetic style and personality that might be used to attain that success.” Malone cites Rodgers for that distinctly country characteristic, an “effortless informality, marked by a very personal approach which insinuated its way into the hearts of listeners, making them feel that the song was meant just for them.”

Jimmie Rodgers was the first inductee into the Country Music Hall of Fame when it opened in 1961. Many of his recordings are still available on the RCA label.

Selected discography

The Best of Jimmie Rodgers, MCA, 1988.

Best of the Legendary Jimmie Rodgers, RCA.

Country Music Hall of Fame, RCA.

Jimmie the Kid, RCA.

Jimmie Rodgers, RCA.

My Rough and Rowdy Ways, RCA.

My Time Ain’t Long, Victor.

Never No Mo’ Blues, RCA.

The Short but Brilliant Life of Jimmie Rodgers, RCA.

This Is Jimmie Rodgers, RCA.

Train Whistle Blues, RCA.

Sources

Malone, Bill C, Country Music U.S.A., revised edition, University of Texas Press, 1985.

Malone, Bill C and Judith McCulloh, Stars of Country Music, University of Illinois Press, 1975.

Rodgers, Carrie, My Husband, Jimmie Rodgers, Ernest Tubb Publications, 1935.

Shelton, Robert and Burt Goldblatt, The Country Music Story: A Picture History of Country and Western Music, Bobbs-Merrill, 1966, reprinted, Arlington House, 1971.

—Anne Janette Johnson

Contemporary Musicians

Jimmie Rodgers

views updated May 18 2018

Jimmie Rodgers

Jimmie Rodgers (1897-1933), known as "The Mississippi Blue Yodeler" and "The Singing Brakeman,"was the first nationally-known country music star. He influenced many later performers from Hank Snow and Ernest Tubb to Lefty Frizzell and Merle Haggard. Rodgers was the first musician to be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Born in Meridian, Mississippi, on September 8, 1897, Rodgers grew up in hard times. He was the third son of Aaron Rodgers, a maintenance-of-way railroad foreman for the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. His mother died when he was four and Rodgers went to live with his mother's sister, a former teacher who had degrees in music and English. She introduced him to many kinds of music, including vaudeville, pop, and dance hall ditties. He was a wild boy and, when he returned to his father in 1912, he hung out in pool halls and seedy bars, though never got into serious trouble.

At the age of 12, he sang "Steamboat Bill" at a talent contest and won. It was his first taste of fame and he decided to start his own traveling show. His father tracked him down and brought him home, but Rodgers ran away again to join a medicine show-a traveling combination of entertainment and live commercials for mostly-useless and often dangerous medical remedies. By the time his father tracked him down again, Rodgers had had enough of life on the road. When his father gave him the choice of going to school or working on the railroad, Rodgers chose the railroad. He taught himself to play banjo, ukelele, and guitar and learned train songs, barroom ballads, slave songs, and blues tunes from the other railway men.

Rodgers worked as a brakeman for the New Orleans & Northeastern railroad for the next ten years, traveling along the south and west coasts. This was how he earned his nickname, "The Singing Brakeman."

Two Marriages

In May, 1917, he married Sandra Kelly, whom he had known for only a few weeks. By the fall, they were already separated, even though she was pregnant. Two years later they officially were divorced and Rodgers met Carrie Williamson, a high-school student and preacher's daughter. They married in April, 1920, while she was still in school.

Soon after the marriage, Rodgers was laid off by the railroad and the couple entered some hard times. Rodgers took odd jobs and sang whenever he could. He was on the road performing when he received word that their second daughter, who was only six weeks old, had died of diphtheria.

In 1923, Rodgers contracted pneumonia and the following year was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Despite his doctor's advice, he left the hospital and formed a trio with fiddler Slim Rozell and his sister-in-law Elsie McWilliams. Rodgers had taught himself to play and sing, and was not able to read or write music; he relied on McWilliams for help. The two collaborated on writing the songs that Americans would be singing throughout the late 1920s and 1930s.

Rodgers sang with the trio, performed comedy skits in medicine shows, and continued to work for the railroad. Because he believed that a warm, dry climate would help his tuberculosis, he moved his family to Tucson, Arizona, and continued to sing there. The railroad, saying his performing interfered with his job, fired him.

Rodgers and his family then moved to Meridian, Mississippi, where they lived with Carrie's parents before moving again, this time to Asheville, North Carolina, in 1927. Although Rodgers planned to take another railroad job, his tuberculosis had advanced to the point where he was unable to do the work, and he took odd jobs as a janitor and cab driver, sang on a local radio station and took whatever other singing jobs he could find.

Recorded with RCA Victor

Rodgers moved to Johnson City, Tennessee, where he joined a string band called the Tenneva Ramblers. This group was a trio before Rodgers arrived but he convinced them to let him be the lead performer because he already had a regular radio show back in Asheville. The group performed regularly on the radio and at local concerts.

Ralph Peer, a talent scout for RCA Victor records, came to Bristol, Tennessee, to record country and string bands. These recording sessions were the first time anyone had made an effort to record white rural music, known as "hillbilly music," for nationwide sale. The recordings, including those of Rodgers and the Carter Family, encouraged the beginnings of the country music industry.

Rodgers heard about the auditions and convinced the band to travel to Bristol. On the night before the audition, they had a heated argument about whose name should be billed first and the Tenneva Ramblers broke away from Rodgers, telling him to sing on his own. According to a biography on the Jimmierodgers.com, website, Rodgers said, "All right… I'll just sing one myself," and went to the audition anyway. He wanted to sing his signature song, "T for Texas," but Peer rejected that and instead recorded two songs, "The Soldier's Sweetheart" and "Sleep, Baby, Sleep." For these recordings, he was paid $100.

The record was released in October 1927. Although it wasn't a hit, Victor Records agreed to record more of Rodgers' songs. In November 1927, he recorded four songs, including "T for Texas," which was retitled "Blue Yodel," a song that gave Rodgers another nickname. "Blue Yodel," one of a very few early country records that sold over a million copies, led to success for Rodgers. He would eventually record 14 variations of "Blue Yodel," which Tom Piazza described in www.sony.music as "Loosely strung outlaw blues lyrics, sung in a sly, jaunty manner, alternated with Rodgers' trademark yodel in a unique overlay of the Southern rounder and the Western cowboy, literally and symbolically representing a blending of the streams of white and black rural music."

Unique Style

Other singers of the Appalachian mountain music known as "Old Time Music" stayed within their traditional folk-music boundaries. But Rodgers blended country, gospel, jazz, blues, pop, cowboy, and folk and wrote most of his own best-loved songs. He also brought his distinctive yodeling style into his music. A biography in the Alabama Music Hall of Fame remarks, "Although Rodgers wasn't the first to yodel on records, his style was distinct from all the others. His yodel wasn't merely sugar-coating on the song, it was as important as the lyric, mournful and plaintive or happy and carefree, depending on a song's emotional content." He sometimes sang to his guitar only, but on other songs he had a full jazz band, including horns-very different from the traditional mountain string band.

Rodgers' songs spoke to Americans, many of whom had endured hard times. Fans responded to his humble background, honest singing and playing, and his drive to overcome poverty and illness. In addition, his songs were simple and easy to understand. As Tom Piazza wrote, "His career was a meeting point for images and folk material from the American South and West, from black and white traditions, and it offered clues to ways in which that material could be blended into the mainstream of popular music.… His songs… evoked both the expansive frontier spirit and the longing, backward glance toward home. Along with the Carter Family and others, he was both a preserver and a popularizer of a precious body of expression."

First Country Music Star

Rodgers moved his family to Washington, D.C. He began singing on a weekly radio show as the "Singing Brakeman." Rodgers recorded more songs, including the four hits "Way Out on the Mountain," "Blue Yodel No. 4," "Waiting for a Train" and "In the Jailhouse Now." Ralph Peer and Rodgers experimented with the accompaniment, sometimes recording him with unlikely combinations such as a jazz band that included Louis Armstrong, jug bands, orchestras, and a Hawaiian combo.

By 1929, Rodgers was a star. He made a short film, titled The Singing Brakeman, recorded more songs, and made national tours. Although he was financially successful, all the money in the world couldn't stop the progress of his tuberculosis. He worked hard anyway, perhaps knowing that he would die young and wanting to make more money for his family's future. He recorded more songs, toured with Will Rogers on a Red Cross fund-raising mission to help farmers affected by a long drought in the southern states and built a home for his family in Kerrville, Texas.

Rodgers was deeply affected by the decline in the American economy. The Great Depression brought concert bookings and record sales to a virtual halt. Despite these difficulties, he continued to record new songs. In the six short years of his career, he recorded 127 songs.

Health Declines

In 1932, Rodgers recorded with the original Carter Family, but was so ill by then that he could barely lift his guitar. Mother Maybelle Carter played and sang for him. "I had to play like him, you know, so everybody would think it was him. But it was me," she said, according to the Jimmie Rodgers Home Page.

Rodgers knew his health was rapidly declining and, according to the Alabama Music Hall of Fame, told his wife Carrie, "I want to die with my shoes on." He kept performing wherever he could, at vaudeville shows and radio programs. At one radio program in San Antonio, Texas, he collapsed from exhaustion and ended up in the hospital. Knowing death was near, he called Peer and told him to set up one more recording session in New York City in May of 1933. In this, his last recording session, tuberculosis had left him so weak and ill that a cot had to be set up in the studio so he could rest in between songs. In eight days, he recorded twelve songs.

Rodgers slipped into a coma and died of a massive lung hemorrhage in New York City on May 26, 1933. He was 35 years old. His body was taken to Meridian by train in a converted baggage car. The train's engineer blew its whistle throughout the journey. In Meridian, hundreds of country music fans were waiting. His body lay in state for several days to allow the fans to pay tribute to their beloved idol.

Lasting Influence

A brass plaque dedicated to Rodgers in the Country Music Hall of Fame records that "Jimmie Rodgers' name stands foremost in the country music field as the man who started it all." His influence can still be heard in today's country singers, rock and rollers and blues greats like Blind Boy Fuller and Peetie Wheatstraw. Fans can visit the Jimmie Rodgers Memorial and Museum in Meridian, Mississippi, and attend the Jimmie Rodgers Festival, which is held in Kerrville, Texas, each year.

Bob Dylan wrote in the liner notes to a 1997 tribute album: "Jimmie Rodgers, of course, is one of the guiding lights of the twentieth century, whose way with song has always been an inspiration to those of us who have followed the path. … He was a performer of force without precedent with a sound as lonesome and mystical as it was dynamic. He gives hope to the vanquished and humility to the mighty."