Troyes, treaty of, 1564. At her accession in 1558, Elizabeth inherited from Mary a war against France in which Calais, a 200-year-old possession, had been lost. By the treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), the French promised to restore Calais after eight years or pay a large indemnity. In 1562 Elizabeth was tempted to intervene in the French wars of religion, supporting the Huguenots and taking possession of Le Havre as a pledge for Calais. But the garrison was decimated by disease and Le Havre was forced to surrender. At the treaty of Troyes in April 1564 peace was signed, both sides reserving their rights on Calais which, in effect, meant that it was lost for ever.

J. A. Cannon

Troyes, treaty of, 1420. By this Anglo-French treaty, ratified on 21 May, Henry V became heir and regent to the mad Charles VI of France. This was by adoption, not by virtue of his subsequent marriage to Catherine, Charles's daughter (2 June). After the death of Charles, France and England were to be under one ruler. The dauphin (later Charles VII) was thus disinherited. Henry's triumph derived from his military success and from Burgundian support after the dauphinist murder of Duke John at Montereau (10 September 1419). The treaty preserved the laws and government of each kingdom, but gave Henry direct control of Normandy until Charles VI died. In fact Henry died first: it was his baby son Henry VI who became king of the ‘double monarchy’.

Anne Curry