Balloon Valvuloplasty

views updated May 29 2018

Balloon Valvuloplasty

Definition
Purpose
Demographics
Description
Preparation
Aftercare
Risks
Normal results

Definition

Balloon valvuloplasty, also called percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, is a surgical procedure used to open a narrowed heart valve. The procedure is sometimes described as balloon enlargement of a narrowed heart valve.

Purpose

Balloon valvuloplasty is performed on children and adults who have a narrowed heart valve, a condition called stenosis. The goal of the procedure is to improve valve function and blood flow by enlarging the valve opening. It is sometimes used to avoid or delay open heart surgery and valve replacement.

There are four valves in the heart: aortic valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valve. Each is located at the exit of one of the heart’s four chambers. These valves open and close to regulate the blood flow from one chamber to the next and are vital to the efficient functioning of the heart and circulatory system. Balloon valvuloplasty is used primarily to treat pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves when narrowing is present and medical treatment has not corrected or relieved the related problems. With mitral stenosis, for example, medical solutions are typically tried first, such as diuretic therapy (reducing excess fluid), anticoagulant therapy (thinning the blood and preventing blood clots), or blood pressure medications. Valvuloplasty is recommended for those patients whose symptoms continue to progress even after taking such medications for a period of time.

Valvular stenosis can be a congenital defect (develops in the fetus and is present at birth) or can be acquired, that is, it stems from other conditions. Mitral valve stenosis in adults, for example, is rarely congenital and is usually acquired, either a result of having rheumatic fever as a child or developing calcium obstruction in the valve later in life. Pulmonary stenosis is almost entirely congenital. Aortic stenosis usually does not produce symptoms until the valve is 75% blocked; this occurs over time and is consequently found in people between the ages of 40 and 70. Tricuspid stenosis is usually the result of rheumatic fever; it occurs less frequently than other valve defects.

Childhood symptoms of valve narrowing may include heart dysfunction, heart failure, blood pressure abnormalities, or a murmur. Adult symptoms will likely mimic heart disease and may include blood pressure abnormalities, shortness of breath, chest pain (angina), irregular heart beat (arrhythmia), or fainting spells (syncope). Electrocardiogram (EKG), x ray, and angiography (a special x-ray examination using dye in the vascular system) may be performed to identify valvular heart problems. Depending on the severity of symptoms, cardiac catheterization may also be performed to examine heart valve function prior to recommending a surgical procedure. Valvular angioplasty is performed in children and adults to relieve stenosis. While it offers relief, it does not always cure the problem, particularly in adults, and often valvotomy (cutting the valve leaflets to correct the opening) or valve replacement is necessary at a later date.

Demographics

Congenital heart-valve disease occurs in one of every 1,000 newborns and is thought to be caused by inherited factors. In 2-4% of valve problems, health or environmental factors affecting the mother during pregnancy are believed to contribute to the defect. Pulmonary valve stenosis represents about 10% of all congenital heart problems. About 5% of all cardiac defects is stenosis of the aortic valve. Valve abnormalities are diagnosed in children and adults of both sexes;

80% of adult patients with stenosis are male, while most adults with mitral stenosis are women who had rheumatic fever as a child. Tricuspid stenosis is rarely found in North America or Europe.

Description

In balloon valvuloplasty, a thin tube (catheter) with a small deflated balloon at its tip (balloon-tipped

KEY TERMS

Cardiac catheterization— A minimally invasive technique that runs a catheter through veins into the heart to evaluate heart function. Fluoroscopy is used to observe the catheterization.

Dilate— To expand or open a valve or blood vessel.

Electrocardiography (EKG)— A method to measure the variations in the actions of the heart. An EKG machine produces wave-like patterns either on paper or on a monitor that can be used to diagnose irregularities in rhythm.

Stenosis— The narrowing of any valve, especially one of the heart valves or the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

Valve— Flaps (leaflets) of tissue in the passageways between the heart’s upper and lower chambers.

catheter) is inserted through an incision in the skin in the groin area into a vein, and then is threaded up to the opening of the narrowed heart valve. The balloon is inflated to stretch the valve open and relieve the valve obstruction.

The procedure, which takes up to four hours, is performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory that has a special x-ray machine and an x-ray monitor that looks like a regular TV screen. The patient will be placed on an x-ray table and covered with a sterile sheet. An area on the inside of the upper leg will be washed and treated with an antibacterial solution to prepare for the insertion of a catheter. The patient is given local anesthesia to numb the insertion site and will usually remain awake, able to watch the procedure on the monitor. After the insertion site is prepared and anesthetized, the cardiologist inserts a catheter into the appropriate blood vessel, and then passes the smaller balloon-tipped catheter through the first catheter. Guided by the x-ray monitor that allows visualization of the catheter in the blood vessel, the physician slowly threads the catheter up into the coronary artery to the heart. The deflated balloon is carefully positioned in the opening of the valve that is being treated, and then is inflated repeatedly, which applies pressure to dilate the valve. The inflated balloon widens the valve opening by splitting the valve leaflets apart. Once the valve is widened, the balloon-tipped catheter is removed. The other catheter remains in place for 6–12 hours because, in some cases, the procedure must be repeated. A double-balloon valvuloplasty procedure is often performed on certain high-risk patients because it is considered more effective in restoring blood flow.

Preparation

For at least six hours before balloon valvuloplasty, the patient will have to avoid eating or drinking anything. An intravenous line is inserted so that medications (anticoagulants to prevent clot formation and radioactive dye for x rays) can be administered. The patient’s groin area is shaved and cleaned with an antiseptic. About an hour before the procedure, the patient is given an oral sedative such as diazepam (Valium) to ensure that he or she will relax sufficiently for the procedure.

Aftercare

After balloon valvuloplasty, the patient will spend several hours in the recovery room to be monitored for vital signs (such as heart rate and breathing) and heart sounds. During this time, electrical leads attached to an EKG machine will be placed on the patient’s chest and limbs, and a monitor will display the electrical impulses of the heart continuously, alerting nurses quickly if any abnormality occurs. For at least 30 minutes after removal of the catheter, direct pressure is applied to the site of insertion; after this, a pressure dressing will be applied. The skin condition is monitored. The insertion site will be observed for bleeding until the catheter is removed. The leg in which the catheter was inserted is temporarily prevented from moving. Intravenous fluids will be given to help eliminate the x-ray dye; intravenous anticoagulants or other medications may be administered to improve blood flow and to keep coronary arteries open. Pain medication is administered as needed. Some patients will continue to take anticoagulant medications for months or years after the surgery and will have regular blood tests to monitor the effectiveness of the medication.

Following discharge from the hospital, the patient can usually resume normal activities. After balloon valvuloplasty, lifelong follow-up is necessary because valves sometimes degenerate or narrowing recurs, a condition called restenosis, which will likely require repeat valvuloplasty, valvotomy, or valve replacement.

Risks

Balloon valvuloplasty can have serious complications. For example, the valve can become misshapen so that it does not close completely, which makes the condition worse. Embolism, where either clots or

WHO PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE AND WHERE IS IT PERFORMED?

Balloon valvuloplasty is performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory, a special room much like an operating room. The procedure is performed by a cardiologist or vascular surgeon.

pieces of valve tissue break off and travel to the brain or the lungs causing blockage, is another possible risk. If the procedure causes severe damage to the valve leaflets, immediate valve replacement is required. Less frequent complications are bleeding and hematoma (a local collection of clotted blood) at the puncture site, abnormal heart rhythms, reduced blood flow, heart attack, heart puncture, infection, and circulatory problems. Because restenosis is frequent in adult patients with valvular disease, particularly when underlying heart disease or other conditions are present, the procedure is recommended only as an emergency rescue for high-risk patients who are not candidates for valve replacement.

Normal results

Balloon valvuloplasty is considered a safe, effective treatment in children with congenital stenosis, improving heart function and blood flow. In adults, balloon valvuloplasty may give temporary relief and improve heart function and blood flow, but underlying coronary artery disease or other disease conditions may encourage restenosis, making valve replacement eventually necessary. The most successful valvuloplasty results are achieved in treating narrowed pulmonary valves, although the treatment of mitral valve stenosis is also generally good. The aortic valve procedure is more difficult to perform and is generally less successful.

Resources

BOOKS

Khatri, V. P., and J. A. Asensio. Operative Surgery Manual. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

Libby, P., et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007.

Townsend, C. M., et al. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004.

QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR

  • Why do I need this procedure?
  • What will I gain by having the procedure?
  • What kind of anesthesia will I have?
  • Will I be uncomfortable during or after the procedure?
  • Will I be able to continue all my normal activities when I go home? How soon after the surgery can I return to school/work?
  • Will I need any follow-up care or tests after the surgery?
  • How often do you perform this procedure?
  • Do most people who have this procedure feel better afterwards?

ORGANIZATIONS

American Heart Association. 7320 Greenville Ave. Dallas, TX 75231. (214) 373-6300. http://www.americanheart.org (accessed March 7, 2008).

Lori De Milto

L. Lee Culvert

Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD

Balloon Valvuloplasty

views updated Jun 08 2018

Balloon valvuloplasty

Definition

Balloon valvuloplasty, also called percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, is a surgical procedure used to open a narrowed heart valve. The procedure is sometimes referred to as balloon enlargement of a narrowed heart valve.


Purpose

Balloon valvuloplasty is performed on children and adults who have a narrowed heart valve, a condition called stenosis. The goal of the procedure is to improve valve function and blood flow by enlarging the valve opening. It is sometimes used to avoid or delay open heart surgery and valve replacement.

There are four valves in the heartthe aortic valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valveeach at the exit of one of the heart's four chambers. These valves open and close to regulate the blood flow from one chamber to the next and are vital to the efficient functioning of the heart and circulatory system. Balloon valvuloplasty is used primarily to treat pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves when narrowing is present and medical treatment has not corrected or relieved the related problems. With mitral stenosis, for example, medical solutions are typically tried first, such as diuretic therapy (reducing excess fluid), anticoagulant therapy (thinning the blood and preventing blood clots), or blood pressure medications. Valvuloplasty is recommended for those patients whose symptoms continue to progress even after taking such medications for a period of time.

Valvular stenosis can be a congenital defect (develops in the fetus and is present at birth) or can be acquired, that is to stem from other conditions. Mitral valve stenosis in adults, for example, is rarely congenital and is usually acquired, either a result of having rheumatic fever as a child or developing calcium obstruction in the valve later in life. Pulmonary stenosis is almost entirely congenital. Aortic stenosis usually does not produce symptoms until the valve is 75% blocked; this occurs over time and is consequently found in people between the ages of 40 and 70. Tricuspid stenosis is usually the result of rheumatic fever; it occurs less frequently than other valve defects.

Childhood symptoms of valve narrowing may include heart dysfunction, heart failure, blood pressure abnormalities, or a murmur. Adult symptoms will likely mimic heart disease and may include blood pressure abnormalities, shortness of breath, chest pain (angina), irregular heart beat (arrhythmia), or fainting spells (syncope). Electrocardiogram (EKG), x ray, and angiography (a special x-ray examination using dye in the vascular system) may be performed to identify valvular heart problems. Depending on the severity of symptoms, cardiac catheterization may also be performed to examine heart valve function prior to recommending a surgical procedure. Valvular angioplasty is performed in children and adults to relieve stenosis. While it offers relief, it does not always cure the problem, particularly in adults, and often valvotomy (cutting the valve leaflets to correct the opening) or valve replacement is necessary at a later date.


Demographics

Congenital heart-valve disease occurs in one of every 1,000 newborns and is thought to be caused by inherited factors. In 24% of valve problems, health or environmental factors affecting the mother during pregnancy are believed to contribute to the defect. Pulmonary valve stenosis represents about 10% of all congenital heart problems. About 5% of all cardiac defects are stenosis of the aortic valve. Valve abnormalities are diagnosed in children and adults of both sexes; 80% of adult patients with stenosis are male, most adults with mitral stenosis are women who had rheumatic fever as a child. Tricuspid stenosis is rarely found in North America and Europe.


Description

In balloon valvuloplasty, a thin tube (catheter) with a small deflated balloon at its tip (balloon-tipped catheter) is inserted through the skin in the groin area into a blood vessel, and then is threaded up to the opening of the narrowed heart valve. The balloon is inflated to stretch the valve open and relieve the valve obstruction.

The procedure, which takes up to four hours, is performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory that has a special x-ray machine and an x-ray monitor that looks like a regular TV screen. The patient will be placed on an x-ray table and covered with a sterile sheet. An area on the inside of the upper leg will be washed and treated with an antibacterial solution to prepare for the insertion of a catheter. The patient is given local anesthesia to numb the insertion site and will usually remain awake, able to watch the procedure on the monitor. After the insertion site is prepared and anesthetized, the cardiologist inserts a catheter into the appropriate blood vessel, then passes the smaller balloon-tipped catheter through the first catheter. Guided by the xray monitor that allows visualization of the catheter in the blood vessel, the physician slowly threads the catheter up into the coronary artery to the heart. The deflated balloon is carefully positioned in the opening of the valve that is being treated, and then is inflated repeatedly, which applies pressure to dilate the valve. The inflated balloon widens the valve opening by splitting the valve leaflets apart. Once the valve is widened, the balloon-tipped catheter is removed. The other catheter remains in place for six to 12 hours because, in some cases, the procedure must be repeated. A double-balloon valvuloplasty procedure is often performed on certain high-risk patients because it is considered more effective in restoring blood flow.


Preparation

For at least six hours before balloon valvuloplasty, the patient will have to avoid eating or drinking anything. An intravenous line is inserted so that medications (anticoagulants to prevent clot formation and radioactive dye for x rays) can be administered. The patient's groin area is shaved and cleaned with an antiseptic. About an hour before the procedure, the patient is given an oral sedative such as diazepam (Valium) to ensure that he or she will relax sufficiently for the procedure.

Aftercare

After balloon valvuloplasty, the patient will spend several hours in the recovery room to be monitored for vital signs (such as heart rate and breathing) and heart sounds. During this time, electrical leads attached to an EKG machine will be placed on the patient's chest and limbs, and a monitor will display the electrical impulses of the heart continuously, alerting nurses quickly if any abnormality occurs. For at least 30 minutes after removal of the catheter, direct pressure is applied to the site of insertion; after this a pressure dressing will be applied. The skin condition is monitored. The insertion site will be observed for bleeding until the catheter is removed. The leg in which the catheter was inserted is temporarily prevented from moving. Intravenous fluids will be given to help eliminate the x-ray dye; intravenous anticoagulants or other medications may be administered to improve blood flow and to keep coronary arteries open. Pain medication is administered as-needed. Some patients will continue to take anticoagulant medications for months or years after the surgery and will have regular blood tests to monitor the effectiveness of the medication.

Following discharge from the hospital , the patient can usually resume normal activities. After balloon valvuloplasty, lifelong follow-up is necessary because valves sometimes degenerate or narrowing recurs, a condition called restenosis, which will likely require repeat valvulplasty, valvotomy, or valve replacement.


Risks

Balloon valvuloplasty can have serious complications. For example, the valve can become misshapen so that it does not close completely, which makes the condition worse. Embolism, where either clots or pieces of valve tissue break off and travel to the brain or the lungs causing blockage, is another possible risk. If the procedure causes severe damage to the valve leaflets, immediate valve replacement is required. Less frequent complications are bleeding and hematoma (a local collection of clotted blood) at the puncture site, abnormal heart rhythms, reduced blood flow, heart attack, heart puncture, infection, and circulatory problems. Because restenosis is frequent in adult patients with valvular disease, particularly when underlying heart disease or other conditions are present, the procedure is recommended only as an emergency rescue for high-risk patients who are not candidates for valve replacement.


Normal results

Balloon valvuloplasty is considered a safe, effective treatment in children with congenital stenosis, improving heart function and blood flow. In adults, balloon valvuloplasty may give temporary relief and improve heart function and blood flow, but underlying coronary artery disease or other disease conditions may encourage restenosis, making valve replacement eventually necessary. The most successful valvuloplasty results are achieved in treating narrowed pulmonary valves, although the treatment of mitral valve stenosis is also generally good. The aortic valve procedure is more difficult to perform and is generally less successful.

Resources

books

Heart Owner's Handbook: Congenital Heart Disease and Diseases of the Heart Valves. Texas Heart Institute, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Mayo Clinic Practice of Cardiology: Balloon Valvuloplasty. 3rd ed. Edited by Emilio R. Giuliani, et al. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996.

organizations

American Heart Association. 7320 Greenville Ave. Dallas, TX 75231. (214) 373-6300. <http://www.americanheart.org>.

other

"Heart Valve Problems." Aetna Intelihealth. [cited April 2003]. <http://www.intelihealth.com>.


Lori De Milto L. Lee Culvert

WHO PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE AND WHERE IS IT PERFORMED?


Balloon valvuloplasty is performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory, a special room much like an operating room , by a cardiologist or vascular surgeon.

QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR


  • Why do I need this procedure?
  • What will I gain by having the procedure?
  • What kind of anesthesia will I have?
  • Will I be uncomfortable during or after the procedure?
  • Will I be able to continue all my normal activities when I go home? How soon after the surgery can I return to school/work?
  • Will I need any follow-up care or tests after the surgery?
  • How often do you perform this procedure?
  • Do most people who have this procedure feel better afterwards?

Balloon Valvuloplasty

views updated May 29 2018

Balloon valvuloplasty

Definition

Balloon valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure performed by an interventional radiologist and/or an interventional cardiologist in which a stenotic (narrowed) heart valve is stretched open using a special catheter with an inflatable balloon at its tip. The procedure is much less invasive than open heart surgery.

Purpose

There are four valves in the heart: the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valve. The valves open and close to regulate the blood flow from one chamber to the next. They are vital to the efficient functioning of the heart.

Balloon valvuloplasty is performed on children and adults with stenosis (narrowing of the valves) to improve valve function and blood flow. The balloon stretches the thin muscular leaves of flaps of the valve, enlarging the valve opening. It is a treatment for aortic, mitral, and pulmonary stenosis. Balloon valvuloplasty is effective treatment for narrowed pulmonary valves, and results with mitral valve stenosis are generally good. For stenosis of the aortic valve, the procedure is more difficult to perform and less successful as a treatment.

Description

During balloon valvuloplasty, a contrast medium (dye) is administered to the patient to make the process visible. Then a catheter (thin tube) with a small deflated balloon at the tip is inserted in the groin area. It is then threaded back up to the heart, passing through the vessels leading to the chamber adjacent to the stenotic valve. The balloon is then inflated, which stretches the leaves of the valve open. The procedure repairs some valve obstructions quite successfully.

The procedure is performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and may take as long as four hours. About an hour before the procedure, the patient is given an oral sedative such as diazepam (Valium). The patient is also sedated intravenously, but is usually awake, and local anesthesia is administered to block pain sensation at the area of catheter insertion. After the insertion site is prepared and anesthetized, the cardiologist inserts a catheter, then passes a balloon-tipped catheter through the lumen (opening) of the first catheter. Guided by a video monitor and fluroscopy, the physician slowly threads the catheter into the heart. The deflated balloon is positioned in the valve opening, and inflated repeatedly. The inflated balloon widens the valve's opening by splitting the valve leaflets apart. Once the valve is widened, the balloon is deflated, and the balloon-tipped catheter is removed by sliding it back out the entry route. The other catheter remains in place for six to 12 hours because in some cases the procedure must be repeated.

Preparation

For at least six hours before balloon valvuloplasty, the patient is instructed to take nothing by mouth. An intravenous line is inserted in the arm as a medication administration route. The patient's groin area is shaved and scrubbed with an antiseptic solution.

Aftercare

After balloon valvuloplasty, the patient is sent to the recovery room for several hours, where vital signs and heart rhythms are monitored. A 12-lead ECG (electrocardiogram) is performed. The leg in which the catheter is inserted is temporarily immobilized, and the catheter itself is secured so that it cannot come out. The insertion site is covered by a sterile dressing, on top of which is a sandbag to maintain pressure. The site is observed for bleeding until the catheter is removed. Intravenous fluids are administered to help eliminate (flush) the contrast medium; intravenous anticoagulants (blood thinners) or other medications to dilate the coronary arteries may be given. Pain medication is available.

For at least 30 minutes after removal of the catheter, direct pressure (in the form of a sand bag) is applied to the dressing at the groin where the catheter was inserted; after this, a pressure dressing is applied. Following discharge from the hospital, the patient can usually resume normal activities. After balloon valvuloplasty, lifelong followup monitoring is necessary because valve leaflets sometimes degenerate or stenosis recurs, requiring more invasive surgery.


KEY TERMS


Aortic valve —One of several valves in the heart that regulate blood flow.

Cardiac catheterization —The process of running a catheter—a long, thin, hollow tube—into the area of the heart for a variety of medical treatments.

Hematoma —Blood that has escaped from blood vessels and collected below the surface of the skin or under the surface of an organ. Also known as a blood blister or bruise.

Pulmonary valve —Any of several valves regulating blood flow to the lungs.

Stenosis —The narrowing of any valve, especially one of the heart valves or the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

Valve —Tissue in the passageways between the heart's upper and lower chambers that controls passage of blood and prevents regurgitation.

Valve leaflets —The tissues that form the moveable parts of a valve.

Valvuloplasty —Widening or forcing open the valves of the circulatory system, usually with a catheter equipped with a balloon.


Complications

Balloon valvuloplasty may have serious complications, such as cerebral or pulmonary embolism, in which pieces of the valve break off and travel to the brain or the lungs . Another complication is the potential for the valve opening to become distended so that it does not close completely. This condition is known as valvular incompetence. This condition permits blood backflow (regurgitation) and reduces the amount of blood pumped by the chamber through the valve, into the circulation. If the procedure causes severe damage to the valve leaflets, immediate surgery is required. Less frequent complications are bleeding and hematoma (a "bruise," or local collection of clotted blood) at the catheter insertion site, abnormal heart rhythms, reduced blood flow, myocardial infarction , cardiac rupture, infection , and circulatory problems.

Health care team roles

Balloon valvuloplasty is performed by interventional cardiologists in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Clinical specialist nurses, radiology and laboratory technologists, and technicians assist during the procedures and provide pre-and postoperative education, monitoring, and supportive care.

Resources

BOOKS

"Balloon Valvuloplasty." In Mayo Clinic Practice of Cardiology, 3rd ed., edited by Emilio R. Giuliani, et al. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996, pp. 393-94.

Texas Heart Institute. "Congenital Heart Disease" and "Diseases of the Heart Valves." In Texas Heart Institute's Heart Owner's Handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, pp. 267-268; 299.

"Valvular Heart Disease" and "Pulmonary Stenosis." In Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment, 36th ed., edited by Lawrence M. Tierney, Stephen J. McPhee, and Mazine A. Papadakis. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1997, pp. 331-36; 327.

PERIODICALS

Cowley, C. G., M. Dietrich, R. S. Mosca, E. L. Bove, A. P. Rocchini, and T. R. Lloyd. "Balloon valvuloplasty versus transventricular dilation for neonatal critical aortic stenosis." American Journal of Cardiology 87, no. 9 (May 1,2001): 1125-1127.

Yates, L. A., R. E. Peverill, R. W. Harper, and J. J. Smolich. "Usefulness of short-term symptomatic status as a predictor of mid-and long-term outcome after balloon mitral valvuloplasty." American Journal of Cardiology 87, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 912-916.

Zaki, A., M. Salama, M. El Masry, M. Abou-Freikha, D. Abou-Ammo, M. Sweelum, E. Mashhour, and A. Elhendy. "Immediate effect of balloon valvuloplasty on hemostatic changes in mitral stenosis." American Journal of Cardiology 85, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 370-375.

ORGANIZATIONS

American College of Cardiology, Heart House, 9111 Old Georgetown Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814-1699. (800) 253-4636 or (301) 897-5400. Fax: (301) 897-9745. <http://www.acc.org>.

American Heart Association. National Center. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. (214) 373-6300. <http://www.americanheart.org>.

Barbara Wexler

Balloon Valvuloplasty

views updated Jun 27 2018

Balloon Valvuloplasty

Definition

Balloon valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure performed by an interventional radiologist and/or an interventional cardiologist in which a stenotic (narrowed) heart valve is stretched open using a special catheter with an inflatable balloon at its tip. The procedure is much less invasive than open heart surgery.

Purpose

There are four valves in the heart: the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valve. The valves open and close to regulate the blood flow from one chamber to the next. They are vital to the efficient functioning of the heart.

Balloon valvuloplasty is performed on children and adults with stenosis (narrowing of the valves) to improve valve function and blood flow. The balloon stretches the thin muscular leaves of flaps of the valve, enlarging the valve opening. It is a treatment for aortic, mitral, and pulmonary stenosis. Balloon valvuloplasty is effective treatment for narrowed pulmonary valves, and results with mitral valve stenosis are generally good. For stenosis of the aortic valve, the procedure is more difficult to perform and less successful as a treatment.

Description

During balloon valvuloplasty, a contrast medium (dye) is administered to the patient to make the process visible. Then a catheter (thin tube) with a small deflated balloon at the tip is inserted in the groin area. It is then threaded back up to the heart, passing through the vessels leading to the chamber adjacent to the stenotic valve. The balloon is then inflated, which stretches the leaves of the valve open. The procedure repairs some valve obstructions quite successfully.

The procedure is performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and may take as long as four hours. About an hour before the procedure, the patient is given an oral sedative such as diazepam (Valium). The patient is also sedated intravenously, but is usually awake, and local anesthesia is administered to block pain sensation at the area of catheter insertion. After the insertion site is prepared and anesthetized, the cardiologist inserts a catheter, then passes a balloon-tipped catheter through the lumen (opening) of the first catheter. Guided by a video monitor and fluroscopy, the physician slowly threads the catheter into the heart. The deflated balloon is positioned in the valve opening, and inflated repeatedly. The inflated balloon widens the valve's opening by splitting the valve leaflets apart. Once the valve is widened, the balloon is deflated, and the balloon-tipped catheter is removed by sliding it back out the entry route. The other catheter remains in place for six to 12 hours because in some cases the procedure must be repeated.

Preparation

For at least six hours before balloon valvuloplasty, the patient is instructed to take nothing by mouth. An intravenous line is inserted in the arm as a medication administration route. The patient's groin area is shaved and scrubbed with an antiseptic solution.

Aftercare

After balloon valvuloplasty, the patient is sent to the recovery room for several hours, where vital signs and heart rhythms are monitored. A 12-lead ECG (electrocardiogram) is performed. The leg in which the catheter is inserted is temporarily immobilized, and the catheter itself is secured so that it cannot come out. The insertion site is covered by a sterile dressing, on top of which is a sandbag to maintain pressure. The site is observed for bleeding until the catheter is removed. Intravenous fluids are administered to help eliminate (flush) the contrast medium; intravenous anticoagulants (blood thinners) or other medications to dilate the coronary arteries may be given. Pain medication is available.

For at least 30 minutes after removal of the catheter, direct pressure (in the form of a sand bag) is applied to the dressing at the groin where the catheter was inserted; after this, a pressure dressing is applied. Following discharge from the hospital, the patient can usually resume normal activities. After balloon valvuloplasty, lifelong followup monitoring is necessary because valve leaflets sometimes degenerate or stenosis recurs, requiring more invasive surgery.

Complications

Balloon valvuloplasty may have serious complications, such as cerebral or pulmonary embolism, in which pieces of the valve break off and travel to the brain or the lungs. Another complication is the potential for the valve opening to become distended so that it does not close completely. This condition is known as valvular incompetence. This condition permits blood backflow (regurgitation) and reduces the amount of blood pumped by the chamber through the valve, into the circulation. If the procedure causes severe damage to the valve leaflets, immediate surgery is required. Less frequent complications are bleeding and hematoma (a "bruise," or local collection of clotted blood) at the catheter insertion site, abnormal heart rhythms, reduced blood flow, myocardial infarction, cardiac rupture, infection, and circulatory problems.

Health care team roles

Balloon valvuloplasty is performed by interventional cardiologists in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Clinical specialist nurses, radiology and laboratory technologists, and technicians assist during the procedures and provide pre- and postoperative education, monitoring, and supportive care.

KEY TERMS

Aortic valve One of several valves in the heart that regulate blood flow.

Cardiac catheterization— The process of running a catheter—a long, thin, hollow tube—into the area of the heart for a variety of medical treatments.

Hematoma— Blood that has escaped from blood vessels and collected below the surface of the skin or under the surface of an organ. Also known as a blood blister or bruise.

Pulmonary valve— Any of several valves regulating blood flow to the lungs.

Stenosis— The narrowing of any valve, especially one of the heart valves or the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

Valve—Tissue in the passageways between the heart's upper and lower chambers that controls passage of blood and prevents regurgitation.

Valve leaflets— The tissues that form the moveable parts of a valve.

Valvuloplasty— Widening or forcing open the valves of the circulatory system, usually with a catheter equipped with a balloon.

Resources

BOOKS

"Balloon Valvuloplasty." In Mayo Clinic Practice of Cardiology, 3rd ed., edited by Emilio R. Giuliani, et al. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996, pp. 393-94.

Texas Heart Institute. "Congenital Heart Disease" and "Diseases of the Heart Valves." In Texas Heart Institute's Heart Owner's Handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, pp. 267-268; 299.

"Valvular Heart Disease" and "Pulmonary Stenosis." In Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment, 36th ed., edited by Lawrence M. Tierney, Stephen J. McPhee, and Mazine A. Papadakis. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1997, pp. 331-36; 327.

PERIODICALS

Cowley, C. G., M. Dietrich, R. S. Mosca, E. L. Bove, A. P. Rocchini, and T. R. Lloyd. "Balloon valvuloplasty versus transventricular dilation for neonatal critical aortic stenosis." American Journal of Cardiology 87, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 1125-1127.

Yates, L. A., R. E. Peverill, R. W. Harper, and J. J. Smolich. "Usefulness of short-term symptomatic status as a predictor of midand longterm outcome after balloon mitral valvuloplasty." American Journal of Cardiology 87, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 912-916.

Zaki, A., M. Salama, M. El Masry, M. Abou-Freikha, D. Abou-Ammo, M. Sweelum, E. Mashhour, and A. Elhendy. "Immediate effect of balloon valvuloplasty on hemostatic changes in mitral stenosis." American Journal of Cardiology 85, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 370-375.

ORGANIZATIONS

American College of Cardiology, Heart House, 9111 Old Georgetown Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814-1699. (800) 253-4636 or (301) 897-5400. Fax: (301) 897-9745. 〈http://www.acc.org〉.

American Heart Association. National Center. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. (214) 373-6300. 〈http://www.americanheart.org〉.

Balloon Valvuloplasty

views updated May 23 2018

Balloon Valvuloplasty

Definition

Balloon valvuloplasty is a procedure in which a narrowed heart valve is stretched open using a procedure that does not require open heart surgery.

Purpose

There are four valves in the heart, which are located at the exit of each of the four chambers of the heart. They are called aortic valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valve. The valves open and close to regulate the blood flow from one chamber to the next. They are vital to the efficient functioning of the heart.

In some people the valves are too narrow (a condition called stenosis). Balloon valvuloplasty is performed on children and adults to improve valve function and blood flow by enlarging the valve opening. It is a treatment for aortic, mitral, and pulmonary stenosis. Balloon valvuloplasty has the best results as a treatment for narrowed pulmonary valves. Results in treating narrowing of the mitral valve are generally good. It is more difficult to perform and less successful in treating narrowing of the aortic valve.

Description

Balloon valvuloplasty is a procedure in which a thin tube (catheter) that has a small deflated balloon at the tip is inserted through the skin in the groin area into a blood vessel, and then is threaded up to the opening of the narrowed heart valve. The balloon is inflated, which stretches the valve open. This procedure cures many valve obstructions. It is also called balloon enlargement of a narrowed heart valve.

KEY TERMS

Cardiac catheterization A technique used to evaluate the heart and fix certain problems. Catheterization is far less invasive than traditional surgery.

Stenosis The narrowing of any valve, especially one of the heart valves or the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

Valve Tissue in the passageways between the heart's upper and lower chambers that controls passage of blood and prevents regurgitation.

The procedure is performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory and takes up to four hours. The patient is usually awake, but is given local anesthesia to make the area where the catheter is inserted numb. After the site where the catheter will be inserted is prepared and anesthetized, the cardiologist inserts a catheter into the appropriate blood vessel, then passes a balloon-tipped catheter through the first catheter. Guided by a video monitor and an x ray, the physician slowly threads the catheter into the heart. The deflated balloon is positioned in the valve opening, then is inflated repeatedly. The inflated balloon widens the valve's opening by splitting the valve leaflets apart. Once the valve is widened, the balloon-tipped catheter is removed. The other catheter remains in place for 6 to 12 hours because in some cases the procedure must be repeated.

Preparation

For at least six hours before balloon valvuloplasty, the patient will have to avoid eating or drinking anything. An intravenous line is inserted so that medications can be administered. The patient's groin area is shaved and cleaned with an antiseptic. About an hour before the procedure, the patient is given an oral sedative such as diazepam (Valium).

Aftercare

After balloon valvuloplasty, the patient is sent to the recovery room for several hours, where he or she is monitored for vital signs (such as pulse and breathing) and heart sounds. An electrocardiogram, which is a record of the electrical impulses in the heart, is done. The leg in which the catheter was inserted is temporarily prevented from moving. The skin condition is monitored. The insertion site, which will be covered by a sandbag, is observed for bleeding until the catheter is removed. Intravenous fluids will be given to help eliminate the x-ray dye; intravenous blood thinners or other medications to dilate the coronary arteries may be given. Pain medication is available.

For at least 30 minutes after removal of the catheter, direct pressure is applied to the site of insertion; after this a pressure dressing will be applied. Following discharge from the hospital, the patient can usually resume normal activities. After balloon valvuloplasty lifelong follow-up is necessary because valves sometimes degenerate or narrowing recurs, making surgery necessary.

Risks

Balloon valvuloplasty can have serious complications. For example, the valve can become misshapen so that it doesn't close completely, which makes the condition worse. Embolism, where pieces of the valve break off and travel to the brain or the lungs, is another possible risk. If the procedure causes severe damage to the valve leaflets, immediate surgery is required. Less frequent complications are bleeding and hematoma (a local collection of clotted blood) at the puncture site, abnormal heart rhythms, reduced blood flow, heart attack, heart puncture, infection, and circulatory problems.

Resources

ORGANIZATIONS

American Heart Association. 7320 Greenville Ave. Dallas, TX 75231. (214) 373-6300. http://www.americanheart.org.

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