DERRIDA, Jacques 1930-

PERSONAL: Born July 15, 1930, in El Biar, Algeria; son of Aime and Georgette (Safar) Derrida. Education: Attended École Normale Superieure, 1952-56; University of Paris, Sorbonne, Licence es Lettres, 1953, Licence de Philosophie, 1953, Diplome d'Etudes Superieures, 1954; received Certificat d'Ethnologie, 1954, Agregation de Philosophie, 1956, Doctorat en Philosophie, 1967, Doctorat d'Etat es Lettres, 1980; graduate study at Harvard University, 1956-57.

ADDRESSES: Home—Paris, France. Office—École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 54 bis Raspail, 75006 Paris, France. Agent—c/o Author Mail, University of Chicago Press, 5801 South Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637.

CAREER: Philosopher and educator. Lycée du Mans, professor, 1959-60; University of Paris, Sorbonne, Paris, France, professor of philosophy, 1960-64; École Normale Superieure, Paris, professor of philosophy, 1964-84; École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, director, 1984—. College International de Philosophie, member of planning board, 1982-83, director, 1983-84, member of administrative council, 1986. Visiting professor and lecturer at numerous universities in Europe and the United States, including Johns Hopkins University, Yale University, University of California—Irvine, Cornell University, and City University of New York.

MEMBER: Institut des Textes et Manuscrits Modernes (member of steering committee, 1983-86), Groupe de Recherches sur l'Enseignement Philosophique (president), Association Jan Hus (vice president), Fondation Culturelle Contre l'Apartheid, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (foreign honorary member), Modern Language Association of America (honorary member), Academy for the Humanities and Sciences (honorary member).

AWARDS, HONORS: Prix Cavailles, Societe des Amis de Jean Cavailles, 1964, for translation into French of Edmund Husserl's Origin of Geometry; named to Liste d'Aptitude a l'Enseignement Superieur, 1968; named chevalier, 1968, officier, 1980, of Palmes Academiques; named Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, 1983; Prix Nietzsche, Association Internationale de Philosophie, 1988; named Chevalier, Legion d'Honneur (France), 1995. Honorary doctorates from Columbia University, 1980, University of Louvain, 1983, and University of Essex, 1987.

WRITINGS:

(Translator and author of introduction) Edmund Husserl, L'origine de la geometrie, Presses Universitaires de France (Paris, France), 1962, translation by John P. Leavy published as Edmund Husserl's "Origin of Geometry": An Introduction, Nicolas-Hays (York Beach, ME), 1977.

La voix et le phenomene: introduction au probleme du signe dans la phenomenologie de Husserl, Presses Universitaires de France (Paris, France), 1967, translation by David B. Allison published as Speech and Phenomena and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs, Northwestern University Press (Evanston, IL), 1973.

L'ecriture et la difference, Seuil (Paris, France), 1967, translation by Alan Bass published as Writing and Difference, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1978.

De la grammatologie, Minuit (Paris, France), 1967, translation by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak published as Of Grammatology, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD), 1976.

La dissemination, Seuil (Paris, France), 1972, translation by Barbara Johnson published as Dissemination, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1981.

Marges de la philosophie, Minuit (Paris, France), 1972, translation by Alan Bass published as Margins of Philosophy, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1982.

Positions: entretiens avec Henri Ronse, Julia Kristeva, Jean-Louis Houdebine, Guy Scarpetta (interviews), Minuit (Paris, France), 1972, translation by Alan Bass published as Positions, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1981.

L'archeologie du frivole (first published as introduction to Etienne de Condillac, L'essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines, Galilée, 1973), Denoël (Paris, France), 1976, translation by John P. Leavey, Jr., published as The Archaeology of the Frivolous: Reading Condillac, Duquesne University Press (Atlantic Highlands, NJ), 1980.

Glas, Galilée (Paris, France), 1974, translation by John P. Leavey, Jr., and Richard Rand published as Glas, University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, NE), 1986.

Eperons: les styles de Nietzsche, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1976, translation by Barbara Harlow published as Spurs: Nietzsche's Styles, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1979.

Limited Inc: abc, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD), 1977.

La vérité en peinture (title means "Truth in Painting"), Flammarion (Paris, France), 1978.

La carte postale: de Socrate a Freud et au-dela, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1980, translation by Alan Bass published as The Post Card: From Socratesto Freud and Beyond, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1987.

L'oreille de l'autre: otobiographies, transferts, traductions; textes et debats, VLB (Montreal, Quebec, Canada), 1982, translation by Peggy Kamuf published as The Ear of the Other: Otobiography, Transference, Translation, Schocken (New York, NY), 1985.

D'un ton apocalyptique adopte naguere en philosophie, Galilée (Paris, France), 1983.

Feu la cendre/Cio'che resta del fuoco, Sansoni (Florence, Italy), 1984, published as Feu la cendre, Des Femmes, 1987.

Signeponge/Signsponge (French and English text; English translation by Richard Rand), Columbia University Press (New York, NY), 1984, revised, Seuil (Paris, France), 1988.

Otobiographies: l'enseignement de Nietzsche et la politique du nom propre, Galilée (Paris, France), 1984.

Droit de regards, Minuit (Paris, France), 1985.

La faculté de juger, Minuit (Paris, France), 1985.

Parages, Galilée (Paris, France), 1986.

De l'esprit: Heidegger et la question, Galilée (Paris, France), 1987, translation by Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby published as Of Spirit: Heidegger and the Question, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1989.

Psyche: inventions de l'autre, Galilée (Paris, France), 1987.

Memoires: pour Paul de Man, Galilée (Paris, France), 1988, translation by Cecile Lindsay, Jonathan Culler, and Eduardo Cadava published as Memoires: Lectures for Paul de Man, Columbia University Press (New York, NY), 1989.

Le probleme de la genese dans la philosophie de Husserl, Presses Universitaires de France (Paris, France), 1990.

De droit a la philosophie, Galilée (Paris, France), 1990.

Memoires de'aveugle, l'autoportrait et autres ruins, Reunion des musees nationaux, 1990, translation by Pascale Ann Brault and Michael Nass published as Memoirs of the Blind, the Self-Portrait and Other Ruins, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1993.

Donner le temps, 1, Fausse monnai, Galilée (Paris, France), 1991, translation by Peggy Kamuf published as Given Time, 1: Counterfeit Money, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1992.

L'autre cap; suivre de la democratie ajournaee, Minuit (Paris, France), 1991, translation by Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas published as The Other Heading: Reflections of Today's Europe, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, IN), 1992.

A Derrida Reader: Between the Blinds, edited by Peggy Kamuf, Columbia University Press (New York, NY), 1991.

Cinders, translation by Ned Lukacher, University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, NE), 1991.

(With Geoffrey Derrida) Jacques Derrida, Seuil (Paris, France), 1991.

Prejuges, Passagen, 1992.

Acts of Literature, edited by Derek Attridge, Routledge (London, England), 1992.

Donner la mort, Seuil (Paris, France), 1992, translation by David Wells published as The Gift of Death, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1995.

Passions, Galilée (Paris, France), 1993.

Khora, Galilée (Paris, France), 1993.

Apories: mourir-s'attendre aux "limites de la vérite," Galilée (Paris, France), 1993, translation by Thomas Dutoit published as Aporias: Dying-Awaiting (One Another at) the "Limits of Truth," Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 1993.

Spectres de Marx: l'état de la dette, le travail du deuil et la nouvelle internationale, Galilée (Paris, France), 1993, translation by Peggy Kamuf published as Spectres of Marx, State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International, Routledge (London, England), 1994.

Force de loi; le "fondement mystique de l'autorité," Galilée (Paris, France), 1994.

Politiques de l'amitié, Galilée (Paris, France), 1994, translation by George Collins published as The Politics of Friendship, Verso (London, England), 1997.

On the Name, edited by Thomas Dutoit, translated by David Wood and others, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 1995.

Mal d'archive, une impression freudienne, Galilée (Paris, France), 1995, translation by Eric Predowitz published as Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1996.

Deconstruction and Philosophy: The Texts of Jacques Derrida, translation by David Wells, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1995.

(With others) Deconstruction and Pragmatism, Routledge (London, England), 1996.

Résistances, de la psychanalyse, Galilée (Paris, France), 1996, published as Resistances of Psychoanalysis, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 1998.

La monolinguisme de l'autre, ou La prothèse d'origine, Galilée (Paris, France), 1996, translation by Patrick Mensa published as Monolingualism of the Other; or, The Prosthesis of Origin, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 1998.

Passions de la littaerature: avec Jacques Derrida, Galilée (Paris, France), 1996.

(With Bernard Stiegler) Echographies de la télévision, Galilée (Paris, France), 1996.

(With Peter Eisenman) Chora L Works, Monacelli Press, 1997.

Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida, edited by John D. Caputo, Fordham University Press (Bronx, NY), 1997.

(With Paule Thevenin) Secret Art of Antonin Artaud, translation by Mary Ann Caws, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA), 1997.

Cosmopolites de tous les pays, encore un effort, Galilée (Paris, France), 1997, translated as On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness, Routledge (New York, NY), 2001.

Adieu à Emmanuel Lévines, Galilée (Paris, France), 1997, translation by Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas published as Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 1999.

De l'hospitalité/Anne Duformantelle invite Jacques Derrida à répondre, Calmann Levy (Paris, France), 1997, translation by Rachel Bowlby published as Of Hospitality: Anne Dufourmantelle Invites Jacques Derrida to Respond, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 2000.

Sur parole: instantanés philosophiques, Aube (Tour d'Aigues, France), 1999.

Le toucher, Jean-Luc Nancy/Jacques Derrida: accompagné de travaux de lecture de Simon Hantai, Galilée (Paris, France), 1999.

(With Catherine Malabou) Jacques Derrida: La contreallée, Quinzaine litteraire-Louis Vuitton (Paris, France), 1999.

Du droit à la philosophie, Galilée (Paris, France), 2000, portions translated by Jan Plug as Who's Afraid of Philosophy? Right to Philosophy, Volume 1, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 2003.

Demeure: Fiction and Testimony (published with The Instant of My Death by Maurice Blanchot), translated by Elizabeth Rottenberg, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 2000.

(With Safaa Fathy) Tourner les mots: Au bord d'un film, Galilée (Paris, France), 2000.

Etats d'âme de la psychanalyse: l'impossible au-delà d'une souveraine cruauté, Galilée (Paris, France), 2000.

The Work of Mourning, edited by Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 2001.

L'univerité sans condition, Galilée (Paris, France), 2001.

Papier machine: le ruban de machine à écrire et autres résponses, Galilée (Paris, France), 2001.

(With Elisabeth Roudinesco) De qui demain—dialogue, Galilée (Paris, France), 2001, translation by Jeff Fort published as For What Tomorrow: A Dialogue, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 2004.

Derrida Downunder, edited by Laurence Simmons and Heather Worth, Dunmore Press (Palmerston North, New Zealand), 2001.

Negotiations: Interventions and Interviews, 1971-2001, edited and translated by Elizabeth Rottenberg, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 2002.

Fichus: discours de Francfort, Galilée (Paris, France), 2002.

Des humanités et de la discipline philosophique, [Paris, France], translated and edited by Peter Pericles Trifonas as Ethics, Institutions, and the Right to Philosophy, Rowman & Littlefield (Lanham, MD), 2002.

Artaud le Moma: interjections d'appel, Galilée (Paris, France), 2002.

Acts of Religion, edited by Gil Anidjar, Routledge (New York, NY), 2002.

Without Alibi (collected essays), translated and edited by Peggy Kamuf, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 2002.

(With Giovanna Borradori and Jürgen Habermas) Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 2003.

Voyous: deux essais sur la raison, Galilée (Paris, France), 2003.

The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy, translated by Marian Hobson, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 2003.

Also author of Moscou aller-retour, Aube.

Contributor to books, including Tableau de la litterature francaise, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1974; Mimesis, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1976; Politiques de la philosophie, Grasset (Paris, France), 1976; Qui a peur de la philosophie?, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1977; Les États Generaux de la philosophie, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1979; Deconstruction and Criticism,Seabury Press (New York, NY), 1979; Philosophy in France Today, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, England), 1983; Joseph H. Smith and William Kerrigan, editors, Taking Chances: Derrida, Psychoanalysis, and Literature, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD), 1984; Text und Interpretation, Fink, 1984; Post-structuralist Joyce, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, England), 1984; La faculté de juger, Minuit (Paris, France), 1985; Qu'est-ce que Dieu?, [Brussels], 1985; Difference in Translation, Cornell University Press (Ithaca, NY), 1985; Genese de Babel, Joyce et la creation, Editions du CNRS (Paris, France), 1985; Paul Celan, Galilée (Paris, France), 1986; La grève des philosophes: école et philosophie, Osiris, 1986, published as Raising the Tone of Philosophy, edited by Peter Fenves, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD), 1993; La case vide, Achitectural Association (London, England), 1986; Pour Nelson Mandela, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1986; Romeo et Juliette, Papiers, 1986; and Questioning Judaism (interviews), Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 2004.

Codirector of collection Philosophie en effet. Member of editorial boards of Critique, Structuralist Review, Contemporary Studies in Philosophy and the Human Sciences, and Revue senegalaise de philosophie. Associated with Tel Quel during 1960s and 1970s.

SIDELIGHTS: Algerian-born French philosopher Jacques Derrida is the leading light of the post-structuralist intellectual movement that significantly influenced philosophy, the social sciences, and literary criticism during the late twentieth century. By means of a "strategy of deconstruction," Derrida and other post-structuralists have sought to reveal the play of multiple meanings in cultural products and expose the tacit metaphysical assumptions they believe exist beneath much of contemporary social thought. The deconstructionist project ignited intense controversy among intellectuals in Europe and the United States, with detractors dismissing it as a particularly insidious form of nihilism, while its advocates argued that deconstructive practice allows the possibility of creating new values amid what they view as cynicism and spiritual emptiness of postmodern society.

Derrida first outlined his seminal ideas in a lengthy introduction to his 1962 French translation of German philosopher Edmund Husserl's Origin of Geometry. The strategy of deconstruction is rigorously delineated in Derrida's difficult masterwork, Of Grammatology, but the philosopher explained some of his basic concepts in more accessible terms in a 1972 collection of interviews titled Positions. Derrida's thought builds on a variety of so-called subversive literature, including the writings of German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger, who both sought to overturn established values and depart from the traditional approach to the study of metaphysics; the political, social, and cultural insights of political economist Karl Marx and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who postulated underlying contradictory phenomena beneath the surface of everyday social life; and the linguistic analysis of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who posited that language functions in a self-referential manner and has no "natural" relation to external reality. Many of Derrida's texts are subtle analyses of the writings of these thinkers and the literature of the modern structuralist movement, another strong influence on the philosopher. While accepting the structuralist notion, derived from Saussure, that cultural phenomena are best understood as self-referential systems of signs, Derrida denies the existence of a common intellectual structure capable of unifying the diverse cultural structures.

In the New York Times Magazine, Colin Campbell explained "Post-structuralism" as "a term that lumps together various French and other thinkers who write as though they want to overthrow oppressive philosophic structures by subverting language. Deconstruction was invented by Jacques Derrida . . . and Derrida is still the movement's leading theoretician." Campbell added: "In 1966, Derrida delivered his first lectures in the United States. The movement has been upsetting people and texts since."

Derrida's insistence on the inadequacy of language to render a complete and unambiguous representation of reality forms the basis for his deconstructivist strategy of reading texts. As Campbell stated: "To 'deconstruct' a text is pretty much what it sounds like—to pick the thing carefully apart, exposing what deconstructors see as the central fact and tragic little secret of Western philosophy—namely, the circular tendency of language to refer to itself. Because the 'language' of a text refers mainly to other 'languages' and texts—and not to some hard, extratexual reality—the text tends to have several possible meanings, which usually undermine one another. In fact, the 'meaning' of a piece of writing—it doesn't matter whether it's a poem or a novel or a philosophic treatise—is indeterminate."

In reading, Derrida studies texts for the multiple meanings that underlie and subvert the surface meaning of every piece of writing. To do this, he scrutinizes seemingly marginal textual elements such as idiosyncrasies of vocabulary and style, and subverts what appear to be simple words and phrases with a battery of puns, allusions, and neologisms. He illuminates in particular the continual play of differences in language, a phenomenon he calls "differance." As he wrote in Positions, differance prevents any simple element of language from being "present in and of itself, referring only to itself." Rather, every element contains differences and spaces within itself and traces of other elements that interweave to transform one text into another. There is, in Derrida's famous phrase, "nothing outside the text," that is, no clear and simple meaning represented by words, but only the play of differance and the multiplication of meanings in the deconstructive project. Although a deconstructive reading is never definitive, it is also not arbitrary, and the textual transformations can be followed systematically and even subjected to a structural analysis. Derrida's own deconstructive analyses of philosophical and literary texts include Margins of Philosophy, Dissemination, and Spurs: Nietzsche's Styles. "Derrida, in a typically bold and outrageous way, has gone so far as to say that writing is more basic than speaking, that speaking is only a form of writing," Campbell related. "But there's more. Because all writing is said to be metaphorical, working by tropes and figures, it follows that trained deconstructors should be able to interpret texts of all sorts, not just 'literature.'"

Given his devotion to textual analysis, Derrida has strongly influenced literary criticism, particularly in France and in the United States. J. Hillis Miller and the late Paul de Man of Yale University are among the best-known American deconstructivists, but younger scholars have also adopted the method. Derrida himself, meanwhile, has attempted to deconstruct the distinction between criticism and creative writing in books such as Glas and The Post Card. Glas is considered one of the most unusual books ever printed; its pages are divided into two columns, one being a philosophical, psychological, and biographical portrait of the German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, and the other a critical analysis of the writings of French playwright Jean Genet. The columns are, in turn, fractured within themselves into sub-columns and boxes. Both texts begin and end in mid-sentence and appear at first to be completely independent from each other—indeed, they can be read that way. The reader can also create his or her own text by uncovering the textual traces that link the two columns and illuminate their differences. In fact, there is a virtually infinite number of ways to read and interpret Glas, which stoutly resists any total understanding.

"The disorderly philosophical conduct of this work is so magnificent that it defies linear exposition," Geoffrey H. Hartman remarked of Glas in his Saving the Text: Literature/Derrida/Philosophy. "Not since Finnegans Wake has there been such a deliberate and curious work: less original . . . and mosaic than the Wake, even flushed and overreaching, but as intriguingly, wearyingly allusive." New York Times Book Review contributor John Sturrock noted that Glas "is so made as to impose a certain vagrancy on the eyes and attention of whoever reads it and to break us of our nasty linear habits."

Derrida's strategy of deconstruction had implications far beyond literary criticism in the postmodern age, in the opinion of some moral philosophers. At a time when both religion and secular humanist ideologies had failed for many people, the post-structuralist celebration of difference offered an escape from alienated individualism. The metaphysical search is nostalgic and totalizing—seeking origin and end—while the deconstructive project recognizes no permanence and subverts all hierarchies. Dismissed by some readers and critics as nihilistic, this radical insistence on difference, incompleteness, and ephemerality impressed others as a positive grounding for social tolerance, mutual respect, and open discourse as the world entered the twenty-first century.

Within the fields of philosophy, political philosophy, and literary criticism, Derrida's impact has been felt most strongly. "Derrida is a philosopher from whom many of us have learned what we judge to be important and seductive truths about the nature of language," Sturrock declared, "and it would be good to go on learning from him." Also in the New York Times Book Review, Perry Meisel observed: "In fact, literary study in America has never been in better shape. Enriched by a variety of European methodologies since the early 1970s, it has grown into a vast, synthetic enterprise characterized by powerful continuities rather than by disjunctions. Feminism, deconstruction, 'reader-response,' 'New Historicism,' 'postcolonialism'—all share similar ends and similar ways of getting there in a momentous collaboration."

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

BOOKS

Behler, Ernst, Confrontations: Derrida/Heidegger/Nietzsche, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 1991.

Caputo, John D., The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida: Religion without Religion, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, IN), 1997.

Collins, Jeff, Introducing Derrida, Totem Books, 1997.

Contemporary Literary Criticism, Volume 24, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1983. Derrida, Jacques, Positions: entretiens avec Henri Ronse, Julia Kristeva, Jean-Louis Houdebine, Guy Scarpetta (interviews), Minuit (Paris, France), 1972, translation by Alan Bass published as Positions, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1981.

Garver, Newton, Derrida and Wittgenstein, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1994.

Gasche, Rodolphe, The Train of the Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of Difference, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1986.

Hartman, Geoffrey H., Saving the Text: Literature/Derrida/Philosophy, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD), 1981.

Harvey, Irene E., Derrida and the Economy of Difference, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, IN), 1986.

Llewelyn, John, Derrida on the Threshold of Sense, Macmillan (New York, NY), 1986.

Lucy, Niall, Debating Derrida, Melbourne University Press, 1995.

Magliola, Robert R., Derrida on the Mend, Purdue University Press (West Lafayette, IN), 1984.

Megill, Allan, Prophets of Extremity, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 1985.

Norris, Christopher, Derrida, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1987.

Staten, Henry, Wittgenstein and Derrida, University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, NE), 1984.

Sturrock, John, editor, Structuralism and Since: From Levi-Strauss to Derrida, Oxford University Press (Oxford, England), 1979.

PERIODICALS

Australian Journal of Political Science, July, 2002, Paul Patton, review of On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness, p. 383.

Choice, June, 2002, S. Barnett, review of A Taste for the Secret, p. 1782; September, 2002, R. Puligandia, review of Acts of Religion, p. 118.

Contemporary Literature, spring, 1979.

Contemporary Review, June, 2002, review of On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness, p. 381.

Critical Inquiry, summer, 1978.

Criticism, summer, 1979; winter, 1993.

Ethics, July, 2003, Samir J. Daddad, review of Who's Afraid of Philosophy?, p. 923.

International Philosophical Quarterly, September, 2003, David Michael Levin, "Cinders, Traces, Shadows on the Page: The Holocaust in Derrida's Writing," p. 269.

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, March, 2003, Alastair Bonnett, review of On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness, p. 399.

Journal of the American Academy of Religion, September, 2002, Elliot R. Wolfson, "Assaulting the Border: Kabbalistic Traces in the Margins of Derrida," p. 475.

Modern Theology, April, 2002, James K. A. Smith, "A Principle of Incarnation in Derrida's 'Jungenschriften', " p. 217.

New Literary History, autumn, 1978.

New Republic, April 16, 1977.

New York Review of Books, March 3, 1977; January 14, 1993; June 25, 1998, Mark Lilla, "The Politics of Jacques Derrida," pp. 36-41.

New York Times Book Review, February 1, 1987; September 13, 1987, John Sturrock, "The Book Is Dead, Long Live the Book!" p. 3; May 28, 2000, Perry Meisel, "Let a Hundred Isms Blossom."

New York Times Magazine, February 9, 1986, Colin Campbell, "The Tyranny of the Yale Critics," p. 20.

Partisan Review, number 2, 1976; number 2, 1981.

Research in African Literatures, winter, 2002, p. 124.

Theological Studies, December, 2002, Silvia Benso, review of A Taste for the Secret, p. 894.

Time, November 25, 2002, Joel Stein, "Life with the Father of Deconstructionism" (interview), p. 104.

Times Literary Supplement, February 15, 1968; September 30, 1983; December 5, 1986.

Virginia Quarterly Review, winter, 1992.

OTHER

Dick, Kirby, and Amy Ziering Kofman, Derrida (documentary film), 2002.*