Enloe, Cynthia H. 1938- (Cynthia Holden Enloe)

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Enloe, Cynthia H. 1938- (Cynthia Holden Enloe)

PERSONAL:

Born July 16, 1938, in New York, NY; daughter of Cortez F. (a physician) and Harriett Enloe. Education: Connecticut College, B.A. (cum laude), 1960; University of California, Berkeley, M.A., 1963, Ph.D., 1967.

ADDRESSES:

Home—Somerville, MA. Office—Department of Government, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610. E-mail—[email protected].

CAREER:

University of California, Berkeley, acting instructor in political science, 1966-67; Miami University, Oxford, OH, assistant professor, 1968-71, associate professor of political science, 1971-72; Clark University, Worcester, MA, associate professor, 1972-80, professor of government and chair of department, 1980—, coordinator of women's studies, 1982—. Northeastern University, visiting lecturer, summer, 1969; University of Guyana, Georgetown, Fulbright lecturer in political science, 1971-72; Temple University, Center for the Study of Federalism, visiting professor, spring, 1974; Swarthmore College, Eugene M. Lange Visiting Professor of Social Change, spring, 1985; Wellesley College, Barnette Miller Visiting Professorship of Political Science, spring, 1989. Research fellow, Institute for International Peace Research (PRIO), Oslo, Norway, fall, 1979; fellow, Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society. Member of Women's Caucus in Political Science. Has participated in conferences, workshops, seminars, annual meetings, and convocations as paper presenter, lecturer, and speaker; has presented numerous guest lectures throughout the U.S. and Asia. Consultant on national and international issues.

MEMBER:

American Political Science Association, National Women's Studies Association, Association for Asian Studies, Women in International Security, Phi Sigma Alpha.

AWARDS, HONORS:

Fulbright research grant, 1965-66; National Endowment for the Humanities summer stipend, 1969; faculty summer research grant, University of Miami, 1970; Outstanding Teacher Award, University of Miami, 1972; Harrington Fund Faculty Research Grant, Clark University, 1973; Council on Foreign Relations fellow, 1974-75; Richardson Institute for Conflict and Peace Research, London, research fellow, 1975, senior research associate, 1977-80; Ford Foundation International Conflict fellow, 1979-80; first recipient of Excellence in Teaching Award, Clark University, 1981; research fellow, Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1990.

WRITINGS:

Multi-ethnic Politics: The Case of Malaysia, Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California (Berkeley, CA), 1970.

Ethnic Conflict and Political Development, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1973.

The Politics of Pollution in a Comparative Perspective, McKay (New York, NY), 1975.

(Editor, with Ursula Semi-Panzer) The Military, the Police, and Domestic Order: British and Third World Experiences, Richardson Institute for Conflict and Peace Research (London, England), 1976.

(With Guy Pauker and Frank Golay) Diversity and Development in Southeast Asia: The Coming Decade, McGraw and Council of Foreign Relations (Washington, DC), 1977.

(Editor, with DeWitt C. Ellinwood) Ethnicity and the Military in Asia, State University of New York (New York, NY), 1978.

Police, Military, and Ethnicity: Foundations of State Power, Transaction Books (Edison, NJ), 1980.

Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies, University of Georgia Press (Athens, GA), 1980.

(Editor, with Wendy Chapkis) Of Common Cloth: Women in the Global Textile Industry, Institute for Policy Studies (Washington, DC), 1983.

Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives, South End Press (Boston, MA), 1983, new edition, Harper/Collins (New York, NY), 1988.

Ethnic Conflict and Political Development, University Press of America (Washington, DC), 1986.

Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Harper/Collins (New York, NY), 1989.

The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 1993.

Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 2000.

The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 2004.

Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Rowman & Littlefield (Lanham, MD), 2007.

Contributor to numerous books, including Civilian Control of the Military, edited by Claude E. Welch, State University of New York Press, 1976; Loaded Questions: Women in Militaries, edited by Wendy Chapkis, Institute for Policy Studies, 1981; Thinking about Women Militarism and War, edited by Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias, Littlefield, 1989; and Mobilizing Democracy: Changing the U.S. Role in the Middle East, edited by Greg Bates, Common Courage Press, 1991. Contributor to International Military and Defense Encyclopedia and annals of organizations. Contributor to periodicals, including Ethnicity, Journal of Studies in Comparative International Development, Cultural Survival Quarterly, Journal of Developing Areas, Conflict Research Society Bulletin, Village Voice, and Women's Review of Books. North American editor, Women Studies International Forum, 1986-89; member of editorial board, Polity, 1973-76, American Journal of Political Science, 1976-79, and Comparative Politics, 1979-86; board member, International Studies Quarterly; manuscript referee for numerous journals and publishers.

Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives has been published in Finnish and Swedish.

SIDELIGHTS:

Cynthia H. Enloe is a research professor in Clark University's International Development, Community, and Environment department. According to her faculty profile on the university's Web site, her work focuses on "the interplay of women's politics in the national and international arenas, with special attention to how women's labor is made cheap in globalized factories (especially sneaker factories) and how women's emotional and physical labor has been used to support governments' war-waging policies—and how many women have tried to resist both of those efforts. Racial, class, ethnic, and national identities and pressures shaping ideas about femininities and masculinities have been common threads throughout her studies."

Enloe began her study of militarism and gender with Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives, an analysis of how the military and militarism use social constructions of gender to effect their own purposes. In Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Enloe examines the gendered sociopolitical dynamics of several institutions: international tourism, nationalism, military bases, diplomatic wives, domestic servants, the economies of "banana republics," and the outsourcing of industrial jobs. According to Nation reviewer Micaela DiLeonardo, Enloe argues that the "Western cultural constructions of Third World female Others" is central to these gendered dynamics. The critic added that Enloe is "particularly good at deconstructing the category woman" through sensitive understanding of race and class divisions between and within Western and Third World populations. DiLeonardo, however, objected to the fact that Enloe relies entirely on Marxist theory and research, rather than incorporating feminist theory into her argument.

Describing Bananas, Beaches, and Bases as a classic, Iris contributor Karlyn Crowley wrote that Enloe "takes the reader by the hand slowly guiding her through the consciousness-raising process of uncovering how what seems ‘natural’ is constructed by international systems of power and violence." The critic especially admired Enloe's analysis of the role of Fawn Hall, the beautiful office assistant of Oliver North during the Iran/Contra affair, to prettify the essential ugliness of U.S. imperialistic actions.

The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War focuses specifically on the military. Enloe argues that the military constructs notions of gender in ways that suit the interests of national security. In times of peace, she writes, the military reexamines issues such as policies on recruitment, homosexuality, rape, and even the definition of combat; resulting policies affect gender roles and status. Writing in the Nation, Kathy Deacon found that "many of Enloe's premises," such as her statement that the end of the Cold War was essentially no different from the end of the Crimean War or World War II, or that El Salvadoran death squads and guerrilla fighters were essentially comparable, "lack historical grounding." Yet the critic acknowledged that Enloe "is dead right in her contention that gender is often ignored in analyses of ‘global power and profit’ written by male historians and social theorists…. If Enloe leans too heavily on frequently repeated generalizations," Deacon concluded, "she ultimately wins the reader over by demonstrating that the role of women—in government military policy as well as in nationalist wars and global labor struggles—is too important to remain unexplored."

In Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives, Enloe examines the impact of militarization on women and analyzes, in the words of H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online contributor Christy Jo Snider, "what the military has gained by controlling certain kinds of women and attempting to regulate ideas about femininity." Enloe explains that militarization occurs when people and things become dependent on the military. She argues that because militarization privileges masculinity, it has a particularly negative effect on women's social status. In particular, she studies the experiences of women formally associated with the military, including female soldiers, wives and mothers of military men, and military nurses, as well as the experiences of others such as sex workers or women raped by soldiers, to examine the military's methods of controlling such women to ensure national security and the efficient operation of military objectives. "One of the most compelling [of Enloe's examples]," wrote Snider, "is her analysis of laws that require prostitutes near military bases to undergo regular genital exams to prevent venereal diseases from being spread to soldiers."

Though Snider found much of Enloe's argument convincing, the critic felt that Enloe does not sufficiently explain militarization's privileging of masculinity, nor the possible changes over time in the military's attitudes toward women. Carol Anne Douglas, however, writing in off our backs, concluded that "if you know anyone who wholeheartedly endorses women's presence in the military, you might give her this book for a critical perspective." Hailing Maneuvers as a work deserving of superlative response, American Political Science Review critic Mary Fainson Katzenstein observed that "for any core course in international relations, Enloe should be mandatory reading."

The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire offers a collection of essays on wide-ranging themes. Included are analyses of women's jobs in Third World manufacturing facilities and discussions of masculinity, militarism, and foreign policy. Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, a collection of essays expanded from a series of lectures that Enloe gave in Tokyo, covers such topics as the U.S.-led war in Iraq, the Abu Ghraib scandal, and the political dynamics of the fashion industry.

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

PERIODICALS

Advocate, November 16, 1993, Steven Petrow, review of The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War.

Amerasia Journal, annual, 1995, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, p. 186.

American Journal of Sociology, November, 1983, review of Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies, p. 766.

American Political Science Review, June, 1981, review of Ethnic Soldiers, p. 530; March, 1991, Anne Sisson Runyan, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 333; December 1, 1994, Christine Sylvester, review of The Morning After, p. 1037; March 1, 2001, Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, review of Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives, p. 252.

Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1981, review of Ethnic Soldiers, p. 166.

Berkeley Women's Law Journal, annual, 2000, Julie Mertus, review of Maneuvers, pp. 338-347.

Choice: Current Review for Academic Libraries, January, 1974, review of Ethnic Conflict and Political Development, p. 1782; February, 1981, review of Ethnic Soldiers, p. 856; June, 1984, review of Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives, p. 1540; September, 1993, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases and Does Khaki Become You?, p. 63; April, 1994, review of The Morning After, p. 1360; February, 1995, review of The Morning After, p. 901; September, 2000, J. Wishnia, review of Maneuvers, p. 226; October, 2007, review of Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, p. 353.

Chronicle of Higher Education, May 16, 1990, Chris Raymond, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. A14.

Commentary, July, 1974, review of Ethnic Conflict and Political Development, p. 98.

Conscience, autumn, 1993, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 42.

Contemporary Sociology, March, 1982, review of Ethnic Soldiers, p. 223; January, 1993, Kathryn Ward, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 80; March, 2002, Raka Ray, review of Maneuvers, p. 187.

Diplomatic History, fall, 1990, Rosemary Foot, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 615.

Dollars and Sense, March-April, 1994, Dana Dickey, review of The Morning After, p. 33.

Ethnic and Racial Studies, January, 1996, Gina Biujs, review of The Morning After, p. 205.

Gender and Society, August, 1995, Juanita M. Firestone, review of The Morning After, p. 518.

Harvard Women's Law Journal, spring, 1984, Philip Kraft, review of Does Khaki Become You?, pp. 225-332; spring, 1991, Nise Nikheba, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, pp. 286-295.

Herizons, June 22, 2006, Roewan Crowe, review of The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire, p. 39.

History, June, 1991, Valerie Cromwell, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 358.

History Today, October, 1983, review of Ethnic Soldiers, p. 49.

Hypatia, September 22, 2007, Fiona Robinson, review of The Curious Feminist, p. 213.

International Studies Quarterly, October, 1994, Barbara Welling Hall, review of The Morning After, p. 253.

Interracial Books for Children Bulletin, annual, 1985, review of Does Khaki Become You?, p. 21.

Iris: A Journal about Women, March 22, 2003, Karlyn Crowley, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases.

Journal of International Women's Studies, November 1, 2006, Secil Dagtas, review of The Curious Feminist, p. 301.

Journal of Military History, October, 2001, Nancy Gentile Ford, review of Maneuvers, p. 1175.

Journal of Politics, February, 1975, review of Ethnic Conflict and Political Development, p. 299; Febru- ary, 1991, Karen Beckwith, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 290;

Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, March 1, 2006, Michelle Johnson, review of The Curious Feminist, p. 276.

Kirkus Reviews, October 1, 1993, review of The Morning After, p. 1244; December 1, 1999, review of Maneuvers, p. 1859.

Lambda Book Report, January, 1994, review of The Morning After, p. 47.

Library Journal, October 15, 1993, Sharon Firestone, review of The Morning After, p. 79.

Middle East Journal, winter, 1992, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 125.

Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military, March 22, 2001, Daniela Rechenberger, review of Maneuvers, p. 58.

Ms., September, 1993, review of The Morning After, p. 21; February-March, 2000, Liza Featherstone, review of Maneuvers, p. 84.

Nation, April 14, 1984, Karen Rosenberg, review of Does Khaki Become You?, p. 455; November 5, 1990, Micaela Di Leonardo, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 536; April 18, 1994, Kathy Deacon, review of The Morning After, p. 530.

New Directions for Women, March, 1984, review of Does Khaki Become You?, p. 12; January, 1991, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 18.

New Internationalist, December, 1990, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 30.

New Republic, Michael Lind, review of The Morning After, p. 20.

NWSA Journal, September 22, 2001, Miriam Cooke, review of Maneuvers, p. 181.

off our backs, July 1, 2000, Carol Anne Douglas, review of Maneuvers, p. 17.

Orbis, spring, 1991, Adam Garfinkle, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 290.

Pacific Affairs, summer, 1971, review of Multi-ethnic Politics: The Case of Malaysia, p. 303; fall, 1973, review of Ethnic Conflict and Political Development, p. 435.

Political Science Quarterly, fall, 1974, review of Ethnic Conflict and Political Development, p. 706; fall, 1981, review of Ethnic Soldiers, p. 528; fall, 1994, Leslie J. Calman, review of The Morning After, p. 735.

Progressive, May, 2000, Michelle Gerise Godwin, review of Maneuvers, p. 44.

Reference & Research Book News, August 1, 2007, review of Globalization and Militarization.

Review of Radical Political Economics, summer, 1992, Paul W. Hanson, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 148.

Signs, summer, 1992, Judith Hicks Stiehm, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 825; autumn, 1995, Karen Brown Thompson, review of The Morning After, p. 208; spring, 2007, Wenona Giles, review of Maneuvers, p. 905.

Social Anthropology, June, 2007, Cristian Norocel Ovidiu, review of The Curious Feminist, p. 251.

Social Forces, March, 1982, "Police, Military, and Ethnicity," p. 963.

Socialist Review, January-March, 1991, Carol M. Petillo, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 183.

Social Justice, December 22, 2000, Francine D'Amico, review of Maneuvers, p. 167.

Sociology, March, 1981, review of Ethnic Soldiers, p. 57; May, 1990, Ian Welsh, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 363.

Third World Resources, October, 1994, review of The Morning After, p. 7.

Times Literary Supplement, June 10, 2005, Brenda Maddox, review of The Curious Feminist, p. 16.

Utne Reader, May, 1990, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 98.

Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, summer, 2006, Nicole LaViolette, review of The Curious Feminist, pp. 425-433.

Women and Politics, summer, 1992, Michelle A. Saint-Germain, review of Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, p. 75.

Women's Review of Books, February, 1984, review of Does Khaki Become You?, p. 7; November, 1993, Sheila Tobias, review of The Morning After, p. 21.

Women's Studies International Forum, November-December, 1994, Francine D'Amico, review of The Morning After, p. 673.

Women's Studies Quarterly, spring-summer, 2006, Wenona Giles, review of The Curious Feminist, pp. 501-506.