Uccello, Paolo (1397–1475)

Italian painter born as Paolo di Dono, noted for the original use of perspective in his works. Born in Florence, the son of a barber, he earned the nickname “uccello” (Italian for bird) for his skill at painting birds. In 1407 he became an apprentice to the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, the artist who had won the commission to cast bronze panels for the doors of the Baptistery in Florence. Ghiberti's workshop was a busy, vital artistic center of Florence at a time when the city's painters were leading the way in the new science of perspective. In Uccello's works, perspective became an integral part of a unified picture, used in order to give the scene depth and not to simply separate different elements or stories within the paintings.

In 1414, Uccello became a member of the Compagnia di San Luca, a painters guild, and in the next year he was admitted to the official painters guild of Florence. His early works include commissions to paint frescoes for the churches of Santa Trinita and Santa Maria Maggiore. He was also engaged to paint frescoes on the outdoor walls of the Green Cloister of the Church of Santa Maria Novella. For this work he created scenes of the Creation, the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, and the Flood. The paintings, which earned widespread admiration among the artists of Florence, showed the influence of Ghiberti and his Baptistry panels, although Uccello developed even greater skill at depicting nature and animals.

Uccello lived and worked in Florence, but he also completed works in Venice, where he created mosaics for the facade of the Basilica of San Marco, Bologna, Prato, and Urbino. In the Duomo (cathedral) of Florence, he painted scenes on a large interior clock and a fresco of the English mercenary Sir John Hawkwood, completed in 1436 and famous for its unusual perspective, which gives the illusion of viewing a three-dimensional sculpture from below.

See Also: Florence; Ghiberti, Lorenzo

Paolo Uccello

The Italian painter Paolo Uccello (1397-1475) was a leading figure in establishing the Renaissance in Florence.

Abarber's son, Paolo Uccello was born in Florence. In 1407 he was apprenticed to the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti. After Uccello joined the painters' guild in 1415, there are 10 blank years. From 1425 to 1431 he executed mosaics for the facade of St. Mark's, Venice.

Uccello's earliest known paintings, representing the creation of the animals and the creation of man, are part of a large outdoor fresco series in monochrome of Old Testament scenes in the Green Cloister of S. Maria Novella, Florence. The figures have a curvilinear rhythm and sculptural strength, and they are set in a decorative yet naturalistic environment of foliage with animals, reflecting Ghiberti's influence and very like his Creationpanel in the Gates of Paradise of the Florentine Baptistery. As the gates were designed in 1425 or later, Uccello's frescoes are usually thought to have been executed after his return from Venice, but they may date from just before he went there and reflect other designs by Ghiberti, since a small copy of Uccello's lost St. Peter mosaic in Venice (1425) already seems to show his more mature Renaissance style. It is clear in his frescoed equestrian monument of Sir John Hawkwood (1436) in the Cathedral of Florence. On a base seen from below, illustrating the new rules of perspective, Uccello sets the horse and rider; there is a greater concern with body modeling and its evocation of power and motion.

The influence of Masaccio is seen in Uccello's scenes from the life of Noah in the Green Cloister of S. Maria Novella. Probably painted about 1450, the cycle is Uccello's most complex work. Poorly preserved, today the scenes show the intricate perspective network more plainly than they do the organic and dramatic people, clinging, twisting, and staring.

After 1447 Uccello executed the frescoes of legends of hermits at S. Miniato, Florence (now much damaged). Until the recent discovery of records they were considered early works. Here the emphasis seems to be less on the modeling of the figures, and they become points in a stylized geometric system of lines and cubes. The three panels depicting the Battle of San Romano (ca. 1455) reveal the same approach. They were made as a continuous 30-foot frieze for a room in the new Medici Palace, Florence. The same abstract patterns of perspective and surface design govern the spears, flagpoles, and soldiers. Even more doll-like and colorful stylization appears in his small-scale late works: the Profanation of the Host (1469) and Night Hunt. Uccello died in Florence on Dec. 10, 1475.

Further Reading

Two works on Uccello are John Pope-Hennessy, The Complete Work of Paolo Uccello (1950; rev. ed. 1969), and Enzo Carli, All the Paintings of Paolo Uccello (1963). □

Uccello, Paolo (1397–1475) Florentine painter. Celebrated as an early master of perspective, his works include The Flood (c.1450) and The Rout of San Romano (1454–57).

http://uffizi.firenze.it; http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk; http://www.louvre.fr