Herbert Block

The American newspaper cartoonist Herbert Block (born 1909), better known as Herblock, was concerned with civil liberties and the attacks on them by demagogues and dishonest politicians.

Herbert Block was born October 13, 1909, in Chicago, Illinois. His pen name, Herblock, was suggested to him by his father David Julian, a chemist. His brother William, who was his earliest mentor and also active in journalism, induced him to enter that field. Block's first books were dedicated to "Bill …, one of the best reporters in Chicago's newspaper history." His mother was Tessie, née Lupe. Endowed with a natural gift for drawing, he perfected it by attending the Chicago Art Institute part time; he also obtained a good general education at nearby Lake Forest College (1927-1929).

When only 19 Herblock began his career as journalist with the position of editorial cartoonist on the Chicago Daily News (1929-1933). He then moved to the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) in Cleveland, Ohio, where his personal opinions, as always, guided his drawings toward a definite idea, which disturbed some of the management. As he explained, the NEA grew "really jittery about my cartoons because they were afraid that if a client cancelled the cartoon they'd cancel the whole service. So it got to be a tussle at NEA." The job ended when he joined the Army Information and Education Division (1943-1945), where he rose to the rank of sergeant. After discharge he accepted the job of editorial cartoonist on the Washington Post, where he found editorial views compatible with his own and management that did not become "jittery." His cartoons were distributed by the Hall Syndicate and in the early 1950s appeared in 200 periodicals from Washington to Bangkok, including the Manchester Guardian and the Economist (London).

Herblock's cartoons were expressions of his personal concern for the human condition. He was a tireless searcher for truth and for the documents required to discover it. His cartoons were generally a product of this search. As he stated, "I've often summed up the essential role of the political cartoonist as being that of the kid in the Hans Christian Anderson story who says, 'The emperor has no clothes on."' Truth emerged as Block saw it. He told Time, "My cartoons are opinion pieces and are recognized as such." Lowell Mellet, reviewing his work in the New Republic, observed that Herblock "sees things in a way that never would occur to anybody else…. He is truly a great cartoonist. He makes some people laugh. He makes some people swear. He makes everybody think."

In this light is is understandable that he produced many cartoons that attacked governmental policies intended to keep documents hidden from public scrutiny. It is important to remember that Herblock was still in the early years of his career when the Cold War broke out in the late 1940s and during its most tense phase in the 1950s. In his view far too many lower and medium level bureaucrats exercised their power to classify documents. Worse, they acted irresponsibly and capriciously, locking away information that had nothing to do with national security. They intended, rather, to remove from view data that would reveal wrong-doing and downright dishonesty in government. Numerous cartoons displayed the hostility of bureaucrats toward scientists, intellectuals, and even fellow civil servants who dared to raise their voices against the system. Careers of truly patriotic persons were ruined during this period.

It was the parading of false patriotism that particularly aroused him. He attained the height of his critical powers during the years when Joseph McCarthy was rampantly accusing persons in and out of government of communist sympathies or, worse, of being agents of the Soviet Union. To symbolize this dishonesty, Block displayed Senator McCarthy as an unshaven mud-slinger, smearing innocent people with unproven accusations dragged up from the sewer or garbage cans. He was convinced that the Federal Bureau of Investigation was involved in these violations of civil rights and wrote, "If the last refuge of a scoundrel is patriotism, apparently the final inner sanctum of that refuge, for those who have made a racket of anti-communism, is the FBI." He was equally convinced that McCarthy personified a dangerous current of the times, enjoying wide support. "No demagogue," he wrote, "is an island of mud unto himself."

From the later 1950s Richard Nixon became the chief villain. To journalists and politicians who showed only complacency to Nixon, and who excused him by trying to hold to middle-of-the-road politics, he affirmed, "I don't know what's so fascinating about the 'middle of the road,' but for a lot of people this position has the kind of magnetic attraction that a coffee cup has for cigarette ashes; and it's regarded as the ideal place to dump any kind of decision…. In a choice between right or wrong, I think something better than a middle-of-the-road policy is needed." President Eisenhower held that position, and in Block's cartoons he is consistently depicted as a weak, ineffective politician, the unwitting partner of Richard Nixon. The cartoonist brought to light dishonest deals carried on by Nixon long before the Watergate scandal.

Block served the public well and he was widely honored: National Headliners' Club awards, 1940 and 1976; Pulitzer prizes in cartooning, 1942, 1954, and 1979; Heywood Broun Award from the American Newspaper Guild, 1949; Sigma Delta Chi (national journalism society) awards, 1949, 1950, 1952, and 1957; Sidney Hillman Award, 1953; Reuben Award (National Cartoonists Society), 1957; LL.D. from Lake Forest College, 1957, and Rutgers University, 1963; Parents' Magazine award for service to education, 1958; Lauterbach award for defending civil liberties, 1959; F. Lasker Award of New York Civil Liberties Union, 1960; distinguished service in journalism award of The University of Missouri, 1961; Golden Key Award, 1963; Capital Press Club Award, 1963; Bill of Rights Day Award, 1966; L.H.D. from Williams College (1969), Haverford College (1977), and University of Maryland (1977); Power of Print Award, 1977, and Fourth Estate Award, 1977, from National Press Club; American Cancer Society citation, 1979; Overseas Press Club citation, 1979 and 1994; human relations award from The National Education Association, 1979; World Hunger Media Award, 1984; Good Guy Award, National Woman's Political Caucus, 1989; Exceptional Merit Media Award, 1990; and the Thomas Nast Award, Overseas Press Club, 1995.

Block's books reproduced his cartoons and their captions and provide a more extensive commentary on his times. They put his cartoons in their historical setting. He sometimes wondered whether, given the menace of the atomic bomb, there would be any historians in the future— even any future. If there are, they will find in these works an invaluable commentary on Block's times.

Further Reading

There are no books on Herblock. There are some details on his career and ideas, as well as probing evaluation of his books and cartoons, in a large number of reviews. The most important of these are: New York Post Magazine, May 23, 1965; Commonweal, November 14, 1952, November 27, 1964, and February 9, 1973; New York Times, April 17, 1979; Time, January 23, 1950, and December 12, 1977; New Republic, October 13, 1952, May 17, 1954, January 23 and March 12, 1956, and December 15, 1958. □

BLOCK, HERBERT LAWRENCE

BLOCK, HERBERT LAWRENCE (Herblock ; 1909–2001), U.S. editorial cartoonist. Born in Chicago, Block started to draw when he was quite young and won a scholarship to the Chicago Art Institute at 12. His critical eye and rapier pen made him one of the leading journalists of his time. In 1929 Block dropped out of Lake Forest College after two years to work for The Chicago Daily News. His cartoons were syndicated almost from the start. In 1933 he joined the Newspaper Enterprise Association, where he won his first Pulitzer Prize in 1942. The following year he joined the army, which employed his talent for cartooning in its Information and Education Division. He was mustered out as a sergeant in 1946 and joined The Washington Post, where his woodcut-like strokes and pungent, succinct captions chronicled and skewered national and world leaders for decades. Block coined the term "McCarthyism" for the prosecutorial Communist-hunting tactics of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin, whom he depicted emerging from a sewer with a thug-like heavy beard. It was said that McCarthy shaved twice a day to avoid resembling the caricature. He began drawing Richard M. Nixon the same way in 1948, and Nixon, too, shaved twice a day. Block was unperturbed, saying both men had a "moral 5 o'clock shadow." Sometimes Nixon appeared as a vulture, other times as an undertaker, always as a man ready to benefit from the failure of others. When Nixon was elected president, a Herblock cartoon showed him with a clean shave, but as the administration became mired in Watergate, Nixon's eyebrows grew heavier and his wattles fleshier. Nixon, like Dwight D. Eisenhower before him, canceled the delivery of The Washington Post to his home when his children were young, because, he said, "I didn't want the girls to be upset."

Block's second Pulitzer Prize was awarded in 1954 for a drawing of Stalin, who was being accompanied to his grave by the robed figure of death. "You were always a great friend of mine, Joseph," the caption said. In addition to his work as a cartoonist, for which he won another Pulitzer Prize in 1979, Block wrote 12 books in his customary punchy style. "The Soviet state builds bodies," he wrote typically in one of them. "Mounds of them." He continued contributing cartoons to the Post until three months before his death when he was 92. In addition to three Pulitzers and a fourth he shared with The Post for its coverage of Watergate, Herblock received several honorary degrees and won dozens of journalism prizes. In 1966 he was selected to design the postage stamp commemorating the 175^th anniversary of the Bill of Rights. President Bill Clinton, who was often at the end of Herblock's sharp quill, in 1994 awarded him the nation's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 2000 the Library of Congress mounted a retrospective of Herblock's work. The Washington Post so valued Herblock that they referred to his contribution to the editorial page as a signed editorial opinion and not a cartoon.

[Stewart Kampel (2^nd ed.)]