Kandinsky, Wassily
Wassily Kandinsky
Personal
Born December 4, 1866, in Moscow, Russia; naturalized German citizen, 1928; naturalized French citizen, 1939; died December 13, 1944, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France; married Anja Chimiakin, 1892 (divorced); partner of Gabriele Munter (a painter), 1902-13; married Nina Andreevskaya, 1917. Education: Attended schools in Odessa, Russia; studied law and economics, Moscow University, 1886-92; studied painting at Anton Azbe School of Art, Moscow, 1897-99; studied under Franz Stuck, Kunstakademie, Munich, Germany, 1900.
Career
Associated with various arts groups, including Phalanx group, Munich, Germany, 1902-04, Neue Kunstler Vereinigung, Munich, 1909, Der Blaue Reiter group, Munich, 1911; Free State Art Studios, Moscow, Russia, professor, 1918; founded Russian Academy of Artistic Sciences, 1921; Bauhaus, Weimar, and Dessau, Germany, deputy director and professor, 1922-33. Exhibitions: Works included in museum collections throughout the world, including the Kandinsky Collection, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France; Städtische Galerie, Munich, Germany; Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY; Russian Museum, Leningrad, Russia; and Chicago Art Institute, Chicago, IL.
Writings
Stikhi bez slov, [Moscow, Russia], 1904.
Xylographies, [Paris, France], 1909.
Über der Geistige in der Kunst, [Munich, Germany], 1912, translation published as The Art of Spiritual Harmony, [London, England], 1914, translated by Michael Sadleir as Concerning the Spiritual in Art, Dover (New York, NY), 1977.
Klange (prose poems), Piper (Munich, Germany), 1912, translation by Elizabeth R. Napier published as Sounds, Yale University Press (New Haven, CT), 1981.
(Editor with Franz Marc) Der blaue Reiter, [Munich, Germany], 1912, new edition, edited by Klaus Lankheit, [Munich, Germany], 1965, translation published as The Blaue Reiter Almanac, Da Capo (New York, NY), 1974.
Tekst Khudozhnika, [Moscow, Russia], 1918.
Punkt und Linie zur Flache: Beitrag zur Analyse der malerischen Elemente, [Munich, Germany], 1926, translation by Howard Dearstyne and Hilla Rebay published as Point and Line to Plane, Dover (New York, NY), 1947, reprinted, 1979.
Essays über Kunst und Kunstler, edited by Max Bill, [Stuttgart, Germany], 1955.
Briefe, Bilder und Dokumente eine aussergewohnlichen Begegnung, edited by Jelena Hahl-Koch, [Salzburg, Austria], 1980, translation by John C. Crawford published as Arnold Schoenberg, Wassily Kandinsky: Letters, Pictures, and Documents, Faber (London, England), 1984.
Complete Writings on Art, two volumes, edited by Kenneth C. Lindsay and Peter Vergo, G. K. Hall (Boston, MA), 1982.
Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Briefwechsel: Mit Briefen von und an Gabriele Munter und Maria Marc (letters), edited by Klaus Lankheit, Piper (Munich, Germany), 1983.
Wassily Kandinsky and Gabriele Munter: Letters and Reminiscences, 1902–14, translated by Ian Robson, Prestel (Munich, Germany), 1994.
Also author of plays Black and White and The Green Sound, and of the opera The Yellow Sound, produced at Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY, 1982.
Sidelights
Russian-born Wassily Kandinsky was one of the great masters of modern art and an outstanding representative of the pure abstract painting that dominated the first half of the twentieth century. Though he came late to art—at age thirty—Kandinsky became highly respected for his work, theories, and teaching. During his career, he was part of several influential German artists' groups, such as the Phalanx, the Munich-based Neue Kunstler Vereinigung, the Blaue Reiter, or Blue Rider, and the Bauhaus school. During his years with the Blue Rider and at the Bauhaus, Kandinsky experimented with the psychological and emotional properties of color, line, and shape. In the process he eliminated the representational altogether, setting the course of art on a new track: that of abstraction. Kandinsky felt that painting possesses the same power as music and that sign, line, and color ought to correspond to the vibrations of the human soul. So vastly influential is his work that virtually every stylistic development since World War II bears its imprint.
Born in Moscow on December 4, 1866, Kandinsky, the son of a successful Moscow merchant, was raised in a prosperous Russian family. He studied art and piano as a child, developing a great love for music, especially opera. His parents divorced when he was about five years old, and his father took the children to live in Odessa, a city on the Black Sea. They spent the summers in Moscow when Kandinsky was a teenager; at age eighteen he moved there to attend Moscow University. The city served as a source of inspiration for much of Kandinsky's art from this period. He loved its architecture and often wrote about and attempted to capture on canvas the beauty of Moscow at dusk. He also harbored a deep fondness for church icons, religious paintings and statues, and Russian folk art.
Begins University Studies in Law
At the university Kandinsky studied law and political economics. His interest in art overtook his other concerns, however. In 1889, Kandinsky participated in a scientific mission to study the laws and customs of Syrynian tribes in the Vologda district in northeastern Russia. He was deeply moved by the region's folk art. "People in their local costumes moved about like pictures come to life; their houses were decorated with colorful carvings, and inside on the walls were hung popular prints and icons; furniture and other household objects were painted with large ornamental designs that almost dissolved them into color," wrote biographer Will Grohmann. "Kandinsky had the impression of moving about inside of pictures, of living inside pictures—an experience of which he later became quite conscious when he invited the beholder to 'take a walk' in his pictures, and tried to 'compel him to forget himself, to dissolve himself in the picture.'"
In 1896, thirty-year-old Kandinsky and his wife—he had married Ania Chimiakin, a second cousin, in 1892—moved to Munich. He studied at Slovenian artist Anton Azbe's School of Painting in Munich and later under symbolist Franz von Stuck at the city's Academy of Fine Arts. He befriended Franz Marc, with whom he and other students formed Phalanx, a group devoted to modern art and the first of several artist organizations Kandinsky would establish. His work during these early years was strongly influenced by an art nouveau-influenced style popular in Munich called Jugendstil, or Youth Style, a mixture of medieval art, curving vegetation forms like flowers and vines, and flat areas of vivid color. He was also attracted to ideas borrowed from French impressionism. In 1895 Kandinsky had seen one of the haystack paintings of Claude Monet and became fascinated by its shimmering light; he realized that the "subject"of this painting, the haystack, was less important than the effect produced by the confluence of light and color. This dramatic realization instigated the process that led him toward pure abstraction: paintings that did not "represent" a concrete subject outside of the frame. In the early 1900s Kandinsky traveled extensively throughout Europe and North Africa with his friend and former student Gabriele Munter; he also lived in Paris for almost a year. There he became familiar with the free use of brilliant color among the Fauvists, chief among them Henri Matisse. On returning to Germany he began experimenting with these artists' advances in color and form in some of his landscape paintings. Street in Murnau and Study for Landscape with Tower employ startling hues to define space and form. The landscapes serve as a link between Kandinsky's earlier traditional work and his fully abstract style. He painted some of these scenes repeatedly, each time increasing the dominance of form and color at the expense of "subject."
From 1908 to 1909 Kandinsky founded another group in Munich, the New Artists Association. Within a couple of years, however, he and several others felt the group had become too conservative, so they splintered off to form the most famous association of all, the Blaue Reiter, in 1911. The new organization held two exhibits in 1912 and also published a yearbook of art to spread information about new developments on all fronts. Kandinsky and his colleagues believed in the concept of "total" art, arguing the legitimacy of all styles. Their yearbook contained works by and writings about various contemporary artists, as well as coverage of folk art, African art, and even children's art. They planned to publish an issue every year but were thwarted in this endeavor by the outbreak of World War I.
Develops Greater Reliance on Color
The Blaue Reiter years, from about 1910 to the beginning of World War I in 1914, were very productive for Kandinsky, both in painting and writing. While living with Munter and collaborating closely with Marc, he clarified many of his ideas. His painting, meanwhile, became more dependent on color and less on specific objects or scenes. He painted what is considered the first abstract painting in 1910. Abstract art differs from traditional styles in that instead of attempting to represent the visible world, artists working in it depend on color and form to express their inner landscape. This mode is sometimes called non-objective, as it departs from the aim of objectively representing the material realm.
Kandinsky's 1910 work, Composition I, or Improvisation, is comprised of free-form shapes of red, blue, and green joined by freely painted lines; its slashes of color lend it energy and movement. Many of the artist's works from these years have titles like Composition, Improvisation, or just color names, which further indicated his commitment to abstraction. Indeed, his use of the term improvisation, which frequently appears in the musician's lexicon, was no coincidence; a musician himself, Kandinsky saw many common elements between visual and sonic art, likening a painted line to a musical melody and complex paintings to symphonies or jazz improvisations. And he understood implicitly that composers generally do not bother with the question "What is this concerto supposed to represent?"
The most important influence upon Kandinsky's artistic beliefs was the German mystic Rudolf Steiner, founder of a variant of Theosophy, which itself had been founded in 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott in America. This new religious movement as a whole suggested a hidden meaning within all material culture. Blavatsky's Anglo-American sector stressed the unity of the world's religions, whereas Steiner believed in the centrality of Christ. As early as 1909 Kandinsky was editing some of the writings of Steiner. All theosophists adhered to the notions that the spiritual world was in reach of the average person and that artists were charged with aiding people to contact the "vibrations" of that other world. The materialistic culture was certain to give way soon to a higher, spiritual stage of human development.
Publishes Ideas on Art
Concerning the Spiritual in Art sets forth Kandinsky's rationale for abandoning representational painting. In this work he describes his commitment to the values of theosophy and his rejection of materialistic principles. He also provides a unique conception of the use of colors and a new method of space and form in art. Kandinsky completed this work in December 1911, and it was published the following year at about the same time that his artistic work began reflecting his new abstraction. Making analogies to the writing of Maurice Maeterlinck, the music of Claude Debussy, the dance of Isadora Duncan, the colors of Henri Matisse, and the forms of Pablo Picasso, Kandinsky explains his notion of abstract value by looking for hidden meaning in art, meaning not found simply in the external expression. Viewers of art, he argues, should allow the work to speak for itself in order to understand its abstract effect.
In Concerning the Spiritual in Art Kandinsky refers to the spiritual triangle. At the bottom of this figure stand the broad masses, for whom realistic representation is a comfort, albeit a comfort without a soul. Barely above this broad stratum are those artists who appear to be avant garde because they adopt some peculiar style without real meaning; they pretend to have captured some hidden significance but in reality only court the devotees of the newly fashionable. Higher on the triangle, and therefore lesser in number, are those who recognize
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uncertainties, who question the assertions of positivism and science but are at a loss to provide new answers. Those at the top of the triangle, the least numerous and least popular, are the spiritual leaders who recognize that an era of spiritual darkness has descended. It is this group, often artists, who provide a glimmer of light from which the new age can ripen. Kandinsky saw the prophetic role of the artist, whether literary, visual, or musical, as helping to save civilization from material degradation. He perceived merit in the thoughts of Blavatsky, Steiner, and other theosophists, as well as in others who examined "nonmatter."
This spiritual dimension of art extends to Kandinsky's detailed discussion of color and form. Certain colors are apt to cause a defined impression in limited use, but then grow stale. The task of the artist is to render colorful impressions with deep and lasting meaning. Soft blue was a color accented by the symbolist movement. Kandinsky developed the same argument with respect to forms. All forms say something, even if it is not immediately understood by the artist. In any case, the union of color and form must never be merely decorative, an empty response to the need for nonrepresentational art. The future of art lay precisely in the harmony between form and color, divorced from material objects.By 1914 Kandinsky had developed two styles of painting: the compositions, in which he planned the arrangement of geometric shapes, and the improvisations, in which he let his subconscious self paint as it wished. The same year that Kandinsky published his Concerning the Spiritual in Art, Klange appeared. This collection of improvisations and prose poems, written in German and Russian, was translated into English in 1981 as Sounds. "In either language the poems read as though they were written in a kind of basic English (or German), like instructions on the box of a do-it-yourself kit," observed Stephen Spender in the New York Review of Books. "They often have humor, but underneath there is the tone of another kind of instruction, on how to live in an apocalyptic era." "It is true that since Kandinsky's language lacks a rich verbal texture of the kind one expects in poetry, one has to look for other qualities to explain its very real appeal," continued Spender. "It combines sharpness, brightness, precision with an underlying ominousness, and this is due to the positioning of words so that they make one see beyond them into colors and sounds they represent. It is excellent painter's poetry or wordpainting."
Joins Bauhaus
When World War I broke out, Kandinsky left Germany for Switzerland. He then returned to Russia, where after the Russian Revolution he took an active
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role in reorganizing many art schools and museums; he painted very little during these years. By 1921 his art had begun to fall into disfavor with his country's new Communist government. He returned to Germany and was invited by architect and designer Walter Gropius to become a teacher at the Bauhaus, an innovative new art school. Kandinsky was a member of the faculty there for about five years, teaching mostly painting theory. During this time he also published his second book on art, Point and Line to Plane.
Kandinsky sought a "language"of color and form that would express feeling in much the same way musical notes do. His interest in music inspired him to write two plays with musical accompaniment, Black and White and The Green Sound. He also worked on a one-act opera, The Yellow Sound, in which he attempted to create a total art environment, employing visual art, music, dance, and theater. The Yellow Sound was not produced, however, until 1982, when it served as the centerpiece of an exhibit of Kandinsky's paintings at the Guggenheim Museum in New York.
Kandinsky's art from the 1920s makes greater use of geometric forms than had his previous work. He may have been influenced during his stay in Russia by artists working in a style known as Suprematism, as well as by Bauhaus ideas. Yellow, Red, Blue and Dividing Line, two paintings from these years, feature lines that appear to have been drawn with a straight edge rather than freehand. Nonetheless, they amply convey the energy and movement of his previous work.
A Dangerous Spirit
When the Nazis came to power in Germany in the early 1930s, they closed numerous art schools, including the Bauhaus. Kandinsky in particular was singled out; the director of the Bauhaus was ordered to fire him, Nazi officials insisting that the Russian artist "is dangerous for us due to his spirit." The Nazis confiscated fifty-seven of his works, labeling them "degenerate art." In response, Kandinsky moved to Paris and took up residence in an apartment located for him by artist Marcel Duchamp. He lived there for the rest of his life and became a French citizen in 1939, five years before his death on December 13, 1944, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Influences of the new surrealist style developing in Paris in the 1930s can be detected in Kandinsky's later works. Despite their persistent abstraction, some, like Mouvement, from 1935, utilize the wavy lines, amoeba-like forms, and intense colors favored by the surrealists. Kandinsky himself remarked, "The creation of a work of art is like the creation of a world."
Speaking of these later works, an essayist for the International Dictionary of Art and Artists reported: "Though there are many fine works, one senses overall a waning of the vitality of Kandinsky's early development, though his belief in the messianic power of art never wavered. He continued to have faith in the artist's power to equal the immense task of elevating the world to the realm of the divine. In the midst of economic and political turmoil, he saw himself as the leader of a spiritual revolution."
If you enjoy the works of Wassily Kandinsky
If you enjoy the works of Wassily Kandinsky, you may also want to check out the following:
The art of French painters Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and Robert Delauney (1885-1941), as well as Swiss painter Paul Klee (1879-1940).
Posthumous Exhibit Influences Art World
One of the major collectors of Kandinsky's art during his lifetime was wealthy American Solomon Guggenheim, founder of the Museum of Nonobjective Art in New York—later the Guggenheim Museum—the collection of which was at first mostly comprised of Kandinsky's works. Through various exhibitions and key art dealers who brought his works to the United States, Kandinsky's ideas began to influence U.S. painters. An exhibition in the spring of 1945 in New York, a few months after Kandinsky's death, had a tremendous impact on the art world, as did many others well into the contemporary era. In the 1940s such artists as Arshile Gorky and Stuart Davis found great power in his works. So too did artists Jackson Pollock, Hans Hoffman, Lee Krasner, and Willem de Kooning, who established the new movement called abstract expressionism. These artists further explored Kandinsky's conviction that art comes from within and need not refer explicitly to the physical world. Along with Pablo Picasso and Matisse, Kandinsky is considered one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century. As a writer for Time International stated, "At the dawn of the 20th century Russian-born artist Wassily Kandinsky discovered the aesthetic and emotional power of nonrepresentational art through imaginative forms of vivid, glowing colors. Working on the threshold of abstract art, Kandinsky . . . became its leader and trailblazer, inspiring scores of painters to follow in his footsteps."
Biographical and Critical Sources
BOOKS
Barnett, Vivian, and Josef Helfenstein, editors, The Blue Four: Feininger, Jawlensky, Kandinsky, and Klee in the New World, Dumont Buchverlag, 1998.
Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman, editors, The Avant-Garde in Russia, 1910-1933: New Perspectives, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles, CA), 1980.
Becks-Malorny, Ulrike, Wassily Kandinsky, 1866-1944: The Journey to Abstraction, Taschen, 1999.
Bowit, John E., The Silver Age: Russian Art of the Early Twentieth Century and the World of Art Group, Oriental Research Partners, 1979.
Brion, Marcel, Kandinsky, Abrams (New York, NY), 1962.
Duchting, Hajo, Wassily Kandinsky, 1866-1944: A Revolution in Painting, Taschen, 2000.
Flux, Paul, Take-off! The Life and Work Of: Wassily Kandinsky, Heinemann (London, England), 2002.
Gray, Camilla, The Russian Experiment in Art, 1863-1922, Abrams (New York, NY), 1962.
Grohmann, Will, Wassily Kandinsky: Life and Work, Abrams (New York, NY), 1958.
Guerman, Mikhail, Vasily Kandinsky, Parkstone Press, 1998.
Hahl-Koch, Jelena, Kandinsky, Rizzoli (New York, NY), 1993.
International Dictionary of Art and Artists, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1990.
Long, Rose-Carol Washton, Kandinsky: The Development of an Abstract Style, Oxford University Press (New York, NY), 1980.
Messer, Thomas M., Vasily Kandinsky, Harry Abrams (New York, NY), 1997.
Overy, Paul, Kandinsky: The Language of the Eye, Elek (London, England), 1969.
Wasserman, Fred, and others, Schoenberg, Kandinsky, and the Blue Rider, Scala Publishers, 2003.
Williams, Robert C., Artists in Revolution: Portraits of the Russian Avant-garde, 1905-1925, Indiana University Press, 1977.
PERIODICALS
New York Review of Books, August 13, 1981, Stephen Spender, review of Sounds, pp. 40-43; April 11, 1991, pp. 23-28.
Time International, May 15, 2000, "An Avant-Garde Original," p. 70.
Times Literary Supplement, January 29, 1971, p. 132.
World Literature Today, spring, 1982, p. 336.*
Wassily Kandinsky
Wassily Kandinsky
The Russian painter and graphic artist Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) was one of the great masters of modern art and the outstanding representative of pure abstract painting that dominated the first half of the 20th century.
Wassily Kandinsky produced his early work in Russia, his mature and most revolutionary work in Germany, and his later work in France. He invented a language of abstract forms with which he replaced the forms of nature. His ultimate intention was to mirror the universe in his visionary world. He felt that painting possessed the same power as music and that sign, line, and color ought to correspond to the vibrations of the human soul.
Kandinsky was born on Dec. 4, 1866, in Moscow; his father was a tea merchant. When he was 5 the family moved to Odessa. The young Kandinsky drew, wrote poems, and played the piano and the cello. Between 1886 and 1892 he studied law and economics at the University of Moscow. In 1889, as a member of an ethnographic mission to the Vologda district, he was highly impressed by the interior decorations of the village houses. In 1893 he accepted a position on the law faculty of the university.
Beginnings as an Artist
Only in 1896, when he was 30 years old, did Kandinsky decide to become an artist. Of importance for his artistic development was the exhibition of French impressionists in Moscow in 1895, particularly the works of Claude Monet. In Monet's paintings the subject matter played a secondary role to color. Reality and fairy tale intermixed—that was the secret of Kandinsky's early work, which was based on folk art, and it remained so even later although more intellectualized.
Between 1897 and 1899 Kandinsky attended the Azbé School of Painting in Munich, and in 1900 he was a pupil of Franz von Stuck. In 1901 Kandinsky founded the artists' group Phalanx and taught at their private art school. The following year he met the painter Gabriele Münter, with whom he lived until 1916. The works of his Phalanx period, from 1901 to 1904, are in the Jugendstil. In 1903 Kandinsky traveled to Venice, Odessa, and Moscow; in 1904 to Holland and Tunisia; in 1906 to Odessa and Rapallo. From 1905 on he was a member of the Salon d'Automne and the Salon des Indépendants. He spent 1906-1907 in Sèvres near Paris. He exhibited with the Brücke (Bridge) artists in Dresden and returned to Munich in 1908.
Kandinsky's early impressionist-inspired paintings and those of his Jugendstil period are strong in color, and color continued to dominate in his landscapes of Murnau, where he bought a house in 1909 (for example, Railway at Murnau, 1909-1910). He was one of the founders of the Neue Künstlervereinigung (New Artists' Associaton) in Munich in 1909, of which he became the chairman.
First Abstract Art
The year 1910 was crucial for Kandinsky and for world art. Kandinsky produced his first abstract watercolor, in which all elements of representation and association seem to have disappeared; he also wrote Über das Geistige in der Kunst (1912; Concerning the Spiritual in Art), the first theorization of a nonobjective form of art ever elaborated by an artist and his most influential treatise. He met Franz Marc in 1910, and in 1911, after a trip to Russia, he met Paul Klee, Jean Arp, and August Macke. Kandinsky and Marc founded the Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) group in Munich in 1911 and exhibited with them. A second exhibition followed in 1912, and the Almanach Blauer Reiter was published. The exhibition was repeated in the Sturm Gallery in Berlin, for which a special Kandinsky album was issued.
In 1913 Kandinsky produced a series of color lithographs and prose poems Klänge (Sounds) and took part in the first Herbstsalon (Autumn Exhibition). The Blaue Reiter disbanded in 1914. In his early abstract works vehement linear strokes are combined with powerful patches of color, as in Composition V (1911) and With the Black Arch (1912).
Return to Russia
When World War I broke out, Kandinsky returned to Russia. In 1917 he married Nina Andreewsky. During the Russian Revolution the artist occupied an important post at the Commissariat of Popular Culture and at the Academy in Moscow. He organized 22 museums and became the director of the Museum of Pictorial Culture. In 1920 he was appointed professor at the University of Moscow. The following year he founded the Academy of Arts and Sciences and became its vice president. When, at the end of that year, the Soviet attitude to art changed, Kandinsky left Russia.
Years in Germany and France
In 1922 Kandinsky became a professor at the Bauhaus in Weimar. Together with Klee, Alexei von Jawlensky, and Lyonel Feininger he founded the Blaue Vier (Blue Four) group in 1924. When, in 1925, the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, Kandinsky moved with it. In 1926 he published the principles of his teaching in Punkt und Linie zur Fläche(Point and Line to Plane). His art from about 1920 to 1924 has been defined as his architectural period. The shapes are more precise than before; there are points, straight or broken lines, single or in bunches, and snakelike, radiating segments of circles; the color is cooler, more subdued, with occasional outbursts of earlier expressionist tonality. This period is exemplified in Composition VIII (1923). From 1925 to 1927 he emphasized circles in his paintings, as can be seen in Several Circles (1926).
Kandinsky became a German citizen in 1928, and the same year he designed sets for Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures from an Exhibition for the Dessau Theater. In 1929 Kandinsky held his first one-man show in Paris and traveled to Belgium and the French Riviera. In 1930 he had another exhibition in Paris. For the large architectural exhibition in Berlin of 1931 he produced wall decorations. When the Bauhaus was closed in 1932, Kandinsky moved to Berlin, and the following year he left for Paris.
Kandinsky's romantic, or concrete, period, from 1927 to 1933, in which his use of pictorial signs was abundant and his color was softer, is exemplified in Between the Light (1931). It led to the last phase of his art, that spent in France, which was an intellectual synthesis of his previous strivings.
Kandinsky settled in Neuilly-sur-Seine near Paris. He met Joan Miró, Robert Delaunay, and Piet Mondrian, and a friendship developed with Antoine Pevsner, Arp, and Alberto Magnelli. In 1939 Kandinsky became a French citizen. He died on Dec. 13, 1944, in Neuilly-sur-Seine. The paintings of his Paris period have a Russian splendor of color, a richness of formal invention, and a delightful humor, as in Composition X (1939), Sky Blue (1940), and Reciprocal Accord (1942).
Further Reading
Kandinsky's views are in his Concerning the Spiritual in Art, and Painting in Particular (1912; trans. 1947). The most comprehensive study of Kandinsky is Will Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky: Life and Work (trans. 1958). Max Bill, Wassily Kandinsky (1951), with articles by various contributors, contains important biographical and art-historical data. Paul Overy, Kandinsky: The Language of the Eye (1969), applies Gestalt psychological and philosophical viewpoints to the assessment of Kandinsky's art. □
Kandinsky, Wassily
Wassily Kandinsky
Born: December 4, 1866
Moscow, Russia
Died: December 13, 1944
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Russian painter and graphic artist
The Russian painter and graphic artist Wassily Kandinsky was one of the great masters of modern art, as well as the outstanding representative of pure abstract painting (using only colors and forms) that dominated the first half of the twentieth century.
Early years in Russia
Wassily Kandinsky was born on December 4, 1866, in Moscow, Russia. His father was a tea merchant. When he was five years old the family moved to Odessa, Russia. The young Kandinsky drew, wrote poems, and played the piano and the cello. Because his family was fond of traveling, Kandinsky got to see the Italian cities of Venice, Rome, and Florence as a young boy. He was also influenced by the imposing Muscovite (from Moscow) buildings such as the Kremlin.
Between 1886 and 1892 Kandinsky studied law and economics at the University of Moscow. In 1889 he was a member of a team formed to study the life of the people in the Vologda district in northwestern Russia. He was highly impressed by their folk art and the interior decorations of the village houses. The use of forms and colors became an influence in his art. In 1893 he accepted a position on the university's law faculty.
Beginnings as an artist
It was not until 1896, when Kandinsky was thirty years old, that he decided to become an artist. His artistic development was shaped greatly by an exhibition of French impressionist painters that was shown in Moscow in 1895. The impressionists used values of color and light to show their subjects rather than painting in fine detail. The works of Claude Monet (1840–1926) attracted Kandinsky's attention. In Monet's paintings the subject matter played a secondary role to color. It was as though reality and fairy tale were intermixed. That was the secret of Kandinsky's early work, which was based on folk art, and it remained so even as his work became more complex.
The year 1910 was crucial for Kandinsky and for the art world. Kandinsky produced his first abstract watercolor. In that work all elements of representation (the actual look of a subject) seem to have disappeared. In continuing his early abstract works he used strong straight-line strokes combined with powerful patches of color.
Return to Russia
When World War I (1914–18; a war in which Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Japan fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States) broke out, Kandinsky returned to Russia. In 1917 he married Nina Andreewsky. During the Russian Revolution (1917), which overthrew the czar, the ruler of Russia, the artist held an important post at the Commissariat (government bureau) of Popular Culture and at the Academy in Moscow. He organized twenty-two museums and became the director of the Museum of Pictorial Culture. In 1920 he was appointed professor at the University of Moscow. The following year he founded the Academy of Arts and Sciences and became its vice president. At the end of that year, the Soviet attitude toward art changed, and Kandinsky left Russia.
Years in Germany and France
In 1922 Kandinsky became a professor at the Bauhaus (a school of art, architecture, and design) in Weimar, Germany. His art from about 1920 to 1924 has been called his architectural period because the shapes he used were more precise than before. There are points, straight or broken lines, single or in bunches, and snakelike, radiating segments of circles. The color is cooler, and more subdued (softer, quieter).
Kandinsky became a German citizen in 1928. In 1929 Kandinsky held his first oneman show in Paris, France, and traveled to Belgium and the French Riviera. In 1930 he had another exhibition in Paris. In 1931 he produced wall decorations for a large architectural exhibition that was held in Berlin, Germany. When the Bauhaus closed in 1932, Kandinsky moved to Berlin. A year after that he moved to Paris.
From 1927 to 1933, Kandinsky's paintings were characterized by abundant use of pictorial (like real pictures) signs and softer color. This is called his romantic or concrete period. It led to the last phase of his art, spent in France, which was a synthesis (blending) of his previous periods. The paintings of his Paris period have splendid color, rich invention, and delightful humor. In 1939 Kandinsky became a French citizen. He died on December 13, 1944, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
Kandinsky is still greatly admired today for his own paintings and for being the originator of abstract art. He invented a language of abstract forms with which he replaced the forms of nature. He wanted to mirror the universe in his own visionary world. He felt that painting possessed the same power as music and that sign, line, and color ought to correspond to the vibrations of the human soul.
For More Information
Bill, Max. Wassily Kandinsky. Paris: Maeght, 1951.
Grohmann, Will. Wassily Kandinsky: Life and Work. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1958.
Messer, Thomas M. Vasily Kandinsky. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1997.
Overy, Paul. Kandinsky: The Language of the Eye. New York: Praeger, 1969.
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