chapter six
PHILOSOPHY

JamesAllanEvans

IMPORTANT EVENTS … 234
OVERVIEW … 237
TOPICS

Beginnings of Greek Philosophy … 240
Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans … 240
Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Parmenides … 242
Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the Atomists … 245
The Atomic Theory … 247
The Sophists … 248
Socrates … 250
Plato … 254
Aristotle … 260
The Stoics … 264
Other Philosophies in the Hellenistic World … 266
Epicurus … 269
Neoplatonism … 272

SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE

Aristotle … 273
Epictetus … 275
Epicurus … 275
Plato … 276
Plotinus … 277
Thales … 278
Zeno of Citium … 279

DOCUMENTARY SOURCES … 280

SIDEBARS AND PRIMARY DOCUMENTS
Primary sources are listed in italics
Aristotle on the Pythagoreans (Aristotle describes the theories of the Pythagoreans) … 241
Heraclitus the Misanthrope (Diogenes Laertius describes Heraclitus' contempt for the Ephesians) … 243
Protagoras: The First Professional Teacher (Diogenes Laertius explains the relativistic thought of Protagoras) … 249
Socrates Recruits Xenophon (Diogenes Laertius describes how Socrates recruited the disciple Xenophon) … 252
Socrates' Domestic Life (Diogenes Laertius relates several anecdotes from Socrates' marriage) … 253
Plato's Theory of Forms … 257
The Position of Women in Plato's Ideal State (Plato considers the place of women in the public life of a state) … 259
Aristotle as a Biologist … 263
Marcus Aurelius on the Soul (Marcus Aurelius discusses the properties of the rational soul) … 265
Diogenes Laertius on the Scholarch Arcesilaus (Diogenes Laertius comments on the sceptic Arcesilaus) … 267
Diogenes the Cynic (several examples of the wit of Diogenes) … 268
The Maxims of Epicurus (Diogenes Laertius shares ten maxims for a happy life by Epicurus) … 271