Time-Based Competition

The widespread use of just-in-time production (JIT) and other advanced manufacturing techniques has been credited with providing such improvements as decreased inventories, set-up times, downtime and workspace. These decreases have yielded increases in inventory turns, equipment utilization, labor utilization, and ultimately, profit. Simply stated, this means that finished goods are produced and delivered just in time to be sold, subassemblies are made just in time to be assembled into finished goods, fabricated parts are collected just in time to go into subassemblies, and raw materials are gathered just in time to be transformed into fabricated parts. In effect, consumption of time has been reduced. While the JIT philosophy dictates that improvement in these areas be part of a continuous process, it does not have to stop there. Some firms have reduced the consumption of time not only in the production area, but throughout the system. Firms that manage this have gone beyond JIT and its competitive advantages. They have an advantage in time-based competition.

WHAT IS TIME-BASED COMPETITION?

JIT was the first manifestation of time-based competition. Time-based competition is the extension of JIT into every facet of the product delivery cycle, from research and development through marketing and distribution of the final product. Even quality, while still critical to success, is not the competitive advantage it once was in many industries. Manufacturing firms then have three strategic options: seek coexistence, retreat in the face of competitors, or attack (directly or indirectly). It has been said that strategy is and always has been a moving target. For some firms who choose to attack, this target has moved to speed and time-based competition.

The term time-based competition came into use with its appearance in a 1988 Harvard Business Review article entitled “Time—The Next Source of Competitive Advantage” by George Stalk, Jr. It was further defined in a series of articles and books written by consultants from the Boston Consulting Group.

Time-based competition is a broad-based competitive strategy which emphasizes time as the major factor for achieving and maintaining a sustainable competitive advantage. It seeks to compress the time required to propose, develop, manufacture, market, and deliver its products.

In order to do this, the firm must change its current processes and alter the decision structures used to design, produce, and deliver to the customer. Time-based competition appears in two different forms: fast-to-market and fast-to-produce. Firms that compete with to-market speed emphasize reductions in design lead-time. In other words, the firm has the ability to minimize the time it takes to develop new products or make rapid design changes. Products 50 percent over budget but introduced on time have been found to generate higher profit levels than products brought to market within budget but six months late. Also, this form allows firms to gain a market edge by being able to consistently introduce more new products or large numbers of product improvements/variations faster than its competitors, thereby dominating the market. Sun Microsystems achieved leadership in engineering workstations by reducing (by 50 percent compared to competitors) the time required to design and introduce new systems. Additionally, these firms are now moving further along the learning curve than the competition. Both factors ultimately increase barriers to entry by competitors.

Fast-to-product firms emphasize speed in responding to customer demands for existing products. Wal-Mart has been able to dominate its industry by replenishing its stores twice as fast as its competitors. Firms competing in this area focus on lead-time reduction throughout the system, from the time the customer places an order until the customer ultimately receives the product. This includes the ability to reduce the time it takes to manufacture products (throughput time) as well as the ability to reduce the time between taking a customer's order and actually delivering the product (delivery speed). These reductions in lead-time are usually accompanied by significant reductions in inventory levels. As with JIT, there is less rework, fewer supervisors, lower carrying costs, less overhead, as well as enhanced quality and on-time delivery performance. Some customers, known as impatient customers, place a great deal of value on reduced lead-time. These customers are willing to pay a premium to get their goods and services quickly. This combination of lower costs and higher revenues contributes significantly to an improved corporate performance.

While product development cycle time, new product introduction, production lead time, and delivery speed all contribute to improved business performance, not all contribute equally. A study by Shawnee Vickery, Cornelia Droge, James Yeomans, and Robert Markland found that the most consistent predictor of business performance was new product introduction. The second best predictor was product development cycle time. While production lead time and delivery speed were found to be related to business performance (respectively, in order of contribution), their relationship to business performance was not as significant as the other two factors.

The production cycle encompasses order entry through the completion of all paperwork, through finished goods all the way to distribution of the final product. JIT methods greatly reduce the amount of time consumption from initiation of the purchase order through the transformation process, but improvement in these other areas has much potential. Studies have shown that few companies have value-added time in excess of 10 percent of average order cycle times. In fact, 95 to 99 percent of the time a product or service is not receiving value, it is waiting. Hence, time can be removed from any part of the product cycle.

Some firms have traced the complete order entry process only to find that it took longer to complete the paperwork than it did to manufacture the product. One major manufacturer compressed its manufacturing processes but still took months to convert a customer order into an approved order for manufacture. Time reductions resulting from JIT success are worth much less when orders sit at the retailer for weeks, float in the mail for a week, sit at the distributor for a week, float in the mail for another week and then begin the now shortened transformation process at the factory.

Paperwork is subject to the same delays. When paperwork moves in batches (similar to manufacturing), several days of delay can develop while the order sits in a stack awaiting enough volume for the batch to move on to the next stage in processing. Time-based competitors begin by eliminating all unnecessary paperwork. Incoming mail is categorized as fast- or slow-track, allowing the fast-track orders to be handled immediately. Also, some firms structure the paperwork process so that transactions are handled one at a time, eliminating the delay caused from batch movement. A door manufacturer managed to refine its process to the point that it could price and schedule 95 percent of incoming orders during the initial customer call.

Frequently, when delays occur, the delay time is made up at the end of the product cycle. Obviously, the last place to make up for lost time is at the distribution and transportation stage (similar to the way a delayed airline flight might make up for delayed takeoffs and manage to still land on time). If time can be reduced in these emergency situations, why not reduce it permanently and reap the benefits of time-based competition?

IMPLEMENTATION

George Stalk, Jr. relates that a firm becomes a time-based competitor by accomplishing four tasks: (1) understanding the rules of response, (2) making value-delivery systems two to three times as flexible and responsible as its

competitors, (3) pricing how customers value these capabilities, and (4) implementing a strategy for surprising its competitors with time-based advantages.

Philip Carter, Steven Melnyk, and Robert Handfield identified seven process strategies for implementing time-based competition. These include: system simplification, system integration, standardization, parallel activities, variance control, automation, and excess resources. They feel that by identifying these strategies, they have developed a linkage between lead-time reduction and the tactics needed to achieve this goal.

Shawnee Vickery, Cornelia Droge, James Yeomans, and Robert Markland identified ten steps to guide the implementation of time-based competition. They felt that implementing firms need to:

1. Perform a thorough process analysis to understand their current business operation.
2. Develop a measurement system that focuses on time.
3. Increase the speed of new product introduction times by using methods such as concurrent engineering and cross-functional teams.
4. Evaluate all managerial decision alternatives in terms of time.
5. Embrace change and develop change-oriented management practices and methods.
6. Understand the critical importance of top management support to sustain change.
7. Treat bottlenecks, downtime, and other problems as opportunities to learn.
8. Find ways to incorporate time reduction results into the employee reward structure.
9. Give employees a better understanding of how their jobs contribute to time compression.
10. Balance improvements with work disruptions in order to keep customers happy.

Some time-based firms rely on technology (e.g., more productive machinery) to reduce lead times while others seek to streamline the system and its processes. For example, Japanese manufacturers focused on single-minute exchange of dies when setting up or changing machines. Still, others use techniques such as team building and alliance building to reduce time by focusing on integrating the various components of the supply chain. Hillman Willis and Anthony Jurkus, in a 2001 Review of Business article, note that some firms (such as Black and Decker, Ford, and AT&T) have found success by organizing teams to work—from the time of inception—on an entire family of new products. By bringing together people from product engineering, manufacturing, marketing, and purchasing throughout the development process and giving them the authority to make real decisions, enormous time and expense has been cut from new product efforts. Also, this process facilitates the standardization of components across the family of products, thereby making them easier and less costly to assemble. Orders can then be filled by assembling the appropriate set of components, reducing both time and cost by as much as half. One firm has reported that an ad hoc cross-functional team took actions that reduced average cycle time from 18.1 hours to 9.4 hours. This 48 percent reduction in cycle time corresponds to a 92.5 percent increase in productivity.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

During the 1990s and into the twenty-first century, numerous works were produced developing and refining JIT and other time-based methods. The twenty-first century brought another development, Stream-of-Variation Analysis (SOVA), a generic math model that facilitates time-based competition. SOVA integrates multivariate statistics, control theory, and design/manufacturing knowledge into a unified framework to optimize manufacturing performance and identify and isolate causes of dimensional variation which occur during the pre-production stage of a product.

Although technology continues to feed improvements in time-based competition, it is not the only driving force. As Peter Fingar noted in 2006, “Time-based competition isn't about the latest gee-whiz technology; it's about a management philosophy that's determined to squeeze out time regardless of the technologies available.” Time-based competitors continue to search for new and better techniques to improve their competitiveness.

With continued developments in technique and mathematical models, time-based competition is already a reality for many firms. Generally, these time-based competitors began by correcting their manufacturing techniques (often through JIT), then fixing sales and distribution, and finally adjusting their approach to innovation. Their strategy is based on the results of flexible manufacturing, rapid response, expanding variety, and increasing innovation. It is a metastrategy that improves performance through changes in the processes and structures used to design, manufacture, and deliver products to the customer, thereby impacting overall firm performance (e.g., return on investment, return on assets). Motorola, Northern Telecom, and Toyota are but a few of the companies that have found ways to increase the overall value of their delivery systems through the compression of time; however, recent studies suggest that time reductions that are not tied to viable business strategies can needlessly increase costs and dramatically reduce profits.

SEE ALSO Cycle Time; Lean Manufacturing and Just-in-Time Production; New Product Development

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carter, Philip L., Steven A. Melnyk and Robert B. Handfield. “Identifying the Basic Process Strategies for Time-Based Competition.” Production and Inventory Management Journal 1st Quarter (1995): 65–70.

Ceglarek, D., et al. “Time-Based Competition in Multistage Manufacturing: Stream-of-Variation Analysis (SOVA) Methodology—Review.” International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems 16 (2004): 11–44.

Choong, Y. Lee, Niwat Rittisakdanon, and Xiaomu Zhou. “Reengineering for Time-Based Competition: Reducing Time-to-Market by Reengineering.” International Journal of Management 18, no. 1 (2001): 33.

Fingar, Peter. Extreme Competition: Innovation and the Great 21st Century Business Reformation. Tampa, FL: Meghan-Kiffer, 2006.

Shi, Jianjun. Stream of Variation Modeling and Analysis for Multistage Manufacturing Processes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.

Stalk, George, Jr. “The Time Paradigm.” Forbes 30 November 1998.

———. “Time—The Next Source of Competitive Advantage.” Harvard Business Review July-August 1988.

Vickery, Shawnee K., et al. “Time-Based Competition in the Furniture Industry.” Production and Inventory Management Journal 4th quarter (1995): 14–21.

Willis, T. Hillman, and A.F. Jurkus. “Product Development: An Essential Ingredient of Time-Based Competition.” Review of Business 22, no. 1-2 (2001): 22–27.