Hemangioma Excision

Definition
Purpose
Demographics
Description
Diagnosis/Preparation
Aftercare
Risks
Normal results
Morbidity and mortality rates
Alternatives

Definition

Hemangioma excision is the use of surgical techniques to remove benign tumors made up of blood vessels that are often located within the skin. Strawberry hemangiomas are often called strawberry birthmarks. Hemangioma surgery involves the removal of the abnormal growth in a way that minimizes both physical and psychological scarring of the patient.

Purpose

Almost all hemangiomas will undergo a long, slow regression, known as involution, without treatment. The end result of involution is potentially worse than the scarring that would occur with surgery. Thus, surgical intervention is commonly indicated only if the growth of the tumor is life threatening or highly problematic from a medical or psychosocial point of view. For example, tumor growths that affect the ability of the eye to see, the ear to hear, or the passage of air in and out of the lungs are frequently candidates for surgical treatment. Tumors that have ulcerated are also common candidates for surgical treatment. Surgery after involution can be used to remove remaining scar tissue.

Although controversial, some surgeons also recommend surgery before or during the involution process, in an attempt to minimize the final cosmetic deformity. Small lesions that are in areas that can be excised without cosmetic or functional risk are particularly well-suited to early surgical treatment.

Demographics

Hemangiomas are the most common tumor of infancy, occurring in approximately 10-12% of all white children and are nearly twice as common in premature infants. For unknown reasons, the occurrence in children of black or Asian background is much lower, approximately 0.8-1.4%. The tumors have been reported to be from two to six times more common in females than in males. The great majority of these tumors are located in the head and neck, with the remaining appearing throughout the body, including internally.

At present, an estimated 60% of patients with hemangiomas require some form of corrective surgery sometime during recovery from the tumor surgery. The remaining 40% rely on the spontaneous involution process to resolve the lesion, although complete return to normalcy is extremely rare.

Description

Hemangiomas undergo a characteristic set of stages during the tumor development. Approximately 30% are present at birth, with the remainder appearing within the first few weeks of life, often beginning as

KEY TERMS

Angiography— An x ray of the blood vessels after introduction of a medium that increases the contrast between the vessel path and the surrounding tissues.

Benign— Describes a tumor that is not malignant, that is unlikely to recur or spread to other areas of the body.

Embolization— The purposeful introduction of a substance into a blood vessel to stop blood flow.

Involution— The slow healing and resolution stage of a hemangioma.

Lenticular— Lens-shaped; describes a shape of a surgical excision sometimes used to remove hemangiomas.

Proliferation— The rapid growth stage of a hemangioma.

Purse-string closure— A technique used to close circular or irregularly shaped wounds that involves threading the suture through the edges of the wound and pulling it taut, bringing the edges together.

Radial— Star-shaped or radiating out from a central point; used to describe the scar-folds that results from a purse-string closure.

a well-demarcated pale spot that becomes more noticeable when the child cries. The tumors are highly variable in presentation and range from flat, reddish areas known as superficial hemangiomas, to those that are bluish in color and located further under the skin, and are known as deep hemangiomas.

During the first six to 18 months of life, hemangiomas undergo a stage where they grow at an excessive rate in size due to abnormal cell division. The final size of the tumors can range from tiny, hardly noticeable red areas to large, disfiguring growths. In almost all hemangiomas, a long, slow involution process that follows the proliferation stage can take years to complete. Among the first signs of the involution process is a deepening of the red color of the tumor, a graying of the surface, and the appearance of white spots. In general, 50% of all hemangiomas are completely involuted by age five, and 75–90% have completed the process by age seven.

Once a decision to treat a hemangionma with surgery is made, the exact technique to be utilized must also be determined. The most commonly used technique for small lesions is very straightforward and involves removing the abnormal vascular tissue with alenticular, or lens-shaped excision, that results in alinear scar. Recently, some surgeons have been advocating the use of an elliptical, circular, or irregular incision shapes, followed by a purse-string-type closure. This technique does result in a scar having radial(star-shaped) ridges that can take several weeks to flatten. However, the overall result is a shorter scar that can be followed up by removal, using the lenticular excision technique.

Larger, more extensive lesions may require angiography, a process that maps the path of the vessels feeding the lesion, and embolization, the deliberate blocking of these blood vessels using small particles of inert material. This process is followed by complete removal of the abnormal tissue.

Depending on the size and nature of the tumor, the excision surgery can be done on an outpatient or inpatient basis. For very small lesions, local anesthetic may be sufficient, but for the great majority, general anesthesia is necessary to keep the patient comfortable.

Diagnosis/Preparation

Initial correct diagnosis of the hemangioma is necessary for effective treatment. Generally, hemangiomas are not present at birth; they proliferate during the first year of the patient’s life, and then commonly begin an involution process. These clinical characteristics distinguish hemangiomas from another type of congenital vascular lesion called a vascular malformation. Vascular malformations are always present at birth, do not proliferate, and do not involute. Vascular malformations are developmental abnormalities and can involve veins, arteries, or lymphatic tissue. Because of the lack of rapid proliferation, the expectation for vascular malformations differs from those with a hemangioma, and so the precise type of lesion has a significant impact on treatment decisions.

Aftercare

Aftercare for a hemangioma excision involves wound care and maintenance such as changing of bandages.

Risks

The greatest risk of hemangioma excision is bleeding during the operation, as these tumors are comprised of abnormal blood vessels. Surgeons often utilize special surgical tools to reduce this risk, including thermoscalpels (an electrically heated scapel) and

WHO PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE AND WHERE IS IT PERFORMED?

The procedure is generally performed by plastic surgeons and, except for extremely small lesions, is done on an inpatient basis in a hospital operating room.

electrocauteries (a tool that stops bleeding using an electrical charge).

A second risk of the surgery is recurrence of the tumor, that is, an incomplete excision of the abnormally growing tissue. Surgery may also result in scarring that is at least as noticeable as what would remain after involution, if not more so. Patients and their caregivers should carefully consider this possibility when deciding to undergo surgical treatment for hemangiomas.

Other risks of the surgery are very low, and include those that accompany any surgical procedure, such as reactions to anesthesia and possible infections of the incision.

Normal results

Completely normal appearance after surgery is very rare. However, for significantly disfiguring tumors or those that impact physical function, the surgical scar may be preferable to the presence of the tumor.

Morbidity and mortality rates

Morbidity and mortality resulting from this surgery is close to zero, particularly because of the new surgical techniques and tools that prevent intra-operative bleeding of the tumor.

Alternatives

Several alternatives to surgical excision include observation (“watchful waiting”), treatment with steroids during the proliferation stage to shrink the tumor and speed the involution process, and laser surgery techniques to alter the appearance of the tumor. Commonly, a combination of these treatment methods, including surgery, will be used to tailor a therapeutic approach for a patient’s particular tumor.

QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR

• What is the predicted cosmetic outcome of the surgery and how does this compare to the outcome after involution?
• What are the risks of the surgery and how does thicompare with the risks of continuing to observe the tumor?
• Is treatment of this hemangioma using steroids a possibility?
• Are laser techniques a viable option for this tumor?

Resources

BOOKS

DuFresne, Craig R. “The Management of Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck.” In Plastic Surgery: Indications, Operations, and Outcomes, Volume 2, edited by Craig A. Vander Kolk, et al. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2000.

Waner, Milton, and James Y. Suen. Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1999.

PERIODICALS

Mulliken, John B., Gary F. Rogers, and Jennifer J. Marler. “Circular Excision of Hemangioma and Purse-String Closure: The Smallest Possible Scar.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 109 (April 15, 2002): 1544.

ORGANIZATIONS

American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 444 E. Algonquin Rd. Arlington Heights, IL 60005. (800) 475-2784. www.plasticsurgery.org.

Vascular Birthmark Foundation. P.O. Box 106, Latham, NY 12110. (877) VBF-LOOK (daytime) and (877) VBF-4646 (evenings and weekends). www.birthmark.org.

OTHER

Sargent, Larry A. “Hemangiomas.” In Tennessee Craniofacial Center Monographs, 2000 [cited March 23, 2003] www.erlanger.org/craniofacial/book.

Michelle Johnson, MS, JD