Hypophysectomy
Hypophysectomy
Definition
Purpose
Demographics
Description
Diagnosis/Preparation
Aftercare
Risks
Normal results
Morbidity and mortality rates
Alternatives
Definition
Hypophysectomy, or hypophysis, is the surgical removal of the pituitary gland.
Purpose
The pituitary gland is a small, oval-shaped endocrine gland about the size of a pea located in the center of the brain above the back of the nose. Its major role is to produce hormones that regulate growth and metabolism in the body. Removing this important gland is a drastic step that is usually taken in the case of cancers or
tumors that resist other forms of treatment, especially craniopharyngioma tumors. Hypophysectomy may also be performed to treat Cushing’s syndrome, a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body’s tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol, in most cases associated with benign tumors called pituitary adenomas. The goal of the surgery is to remove the tumor and try to partially preserve the gland.
Demographics
Craniopharyngiomas account for less than 5% of all brain tumors. Half of all craniopharyngiomas occur in children, with symptoms most often appearing between the ages of five and ten. Cushing’s syndrome is relatively
KEY TERMS
Adenoma— A benign tumor in which cells form recognizable glandular structures.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)— A clear, colorless fluid that contains small quantities of glucose and protein. CSF fills the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Craniotomy— A surgical incision into the skull.
Cushing’s disease— A disease in which too many hormones called glucocorticoids are released into the blood. This causes fat to build up in the face, back, and chest, and the arms and legs to become very thin. Other symptoms include excessive blood sugar levels, weak muscles and bones, a flushed face, and high blood pressure.
Electrocardiogram— A recording of the electrical activity of the heart on a moving strip of paper.
Endocrine system— Group of glands and parts of glands that control metabolic activity. The pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, and testes are all part of the endocrine system.
Hormone— A chemical made in one place that has effects in distant places in the body. Hormone production is usually triggered by the pituitary gland.
Hypopituitarism— A medical condition where the pituitary gland produces lower than normal levels of its hormones.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)— A special imaging technique used to visualize internal structures of the body, particularly the soft tissues.
Metabolism— The sum of all the physical and chemical processes required to maintain life and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the body.
Pituitary gland— A small, oval-shaped endocrine gland situated at the base of the brain in the fossa (depression) of the sphenoid bone. Its overall role is to regulate growth and metabolism. The gland is divided into the posterior and anterior pituitary, each responsible for the production of its own unique hormones.
Pituitary tumors— Tumors found in the pituitary gland. Most pituitary tumors are benign, meaning that they grow very slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body.
rare in the United States, most commonly affecting adults aged 20-50. An estimated 10-15 of every million people are affected each year. However, the Pituitary Network Association reports that one out of every five people worldwide has a pituitary tumor. The earliest study was performed in 1936, by Dr. R. T. Costello of the Mayo Foundation who found pituitary tumors in 22.4% of his studied population with statistics not having changed significantly since that time.
Description
There are several surgical approaches to the pituitary. The surgeon chooses the best one for the specific procedure. The pituitary lies directly behind the nose, and access through the nose or the sinuses is often the best approach. A craniotomy (opening the skull) and lifting the frontal lobe of the brain will expose the delicate neck of the pituitary gland. This approach works best if tumors have extended above the pituitary fossa (the cavity in which the gland lies).
Surgical methods using new technology have made other approaches possible. Stereotaxis is a three-dimensional aiming technique using x rays or scans for guidance. Instruments can be placed in the brain with pinpoint accuracy through tiny holes in the skull. These instruments can then manipulate brain tissue, either to destroy it or remove it. Stereotaxis is also used to direct radiation with similar precision using a gamma knife. Access to some brain lesions can be gained through the blood vessels using tiny tubes and wires guided by x rays.
Diagnosis/Preparation
A patient best prepares for a hypophysectomy by keeping as healthy and relaxed as possible. Informed surgical consent is always required.
The patient is first seen for evaluation of pituitary functions by the treatment team. An MRI scan of the pituitary gland is performed and the patient is seen by a neurosurgeon in an outpatient clinic or at the hospital to assess whether hypophysectomy is suitable.
The patient checks into the hospital the day before surgery and undergoes blood tests, chest x rays, or an electrocardiogram to assess anesthesia fitness. Four to five sticks are attached on buttons on the forehead and marked for a special MRI scan. These buttons and scan help the neurosurgeon to accurately remove the pituitary tumor using sophisticated visualization computers. The patient is visited by the anesthesiologist (the physician who puts the patient to sleep for the operation) and he is asked to fast (nothing to eat or drink) from midnight before the day of surgery. If the hypophysectomy is performed through the nose, the patient is advised to practice breathing through the mouth as the nose will be packed after the surgery.
Aftercare
The operation takes about one to two hours, following which the patient is taken to the recovery area for about two hours before returning to the neurosurgical ward. The following postoperative measures are the normally taken:
- The patient’s nose is packed to stop bleeding.
- There may be a dressing on a site of incision in the abdominal wall or thigh if a graft was necessary.
- A drip is attached to the hand and foot and other lines are attached to monitor the heart and breathing.
- A urinary catheter is placed to monitor fluid output.
- The patient has an oxygen mask.
Once in the ward, the patient is allowed to eat and drink the same night, after he or she has recovered from the anesthesia. If fluid intake and output are in balance, the drip and urinary catheter are removed the next morning. The nurses continue to monitor the amount of fluid taken and the amount of urine passed by the patient for a few days. The blood is usually tested the day following surgery. The nasal pack stays for about four days. Once the nasal pack is removed, patients commonly experience moisture coming through the nose and blood-stained mucus occurs frequently. If all is well, patients are usually discharged the following day. There are no sutures to be removed. The sutures in the nose are degradable and the graft site is usually glued together. Patients are advised not to blow their nose or insert anything in the nose.
Risks
The risks associated with hypophysectomy are numerous. Procedures are painstakingly selected to minimize risk and maximize benefit. A special risk associated with surgery on the pituitary is the risk destroying the entire gland and leaving the entire endocrine system without regulation. Historically this was the purpose of hypophysectomy, when the procedure was performed to suppress hormone production. After the procedure, the endocrinologist, physician specializing in the study and care of the endocrine system, would provide the patient with al
WHO PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE AND WHERE IS IT PERFORMED?
Hypophysectomies are performed by neurosurgeons or surgeons specialized in endocrinology. Endocrinologists are physicians with special education, training, and interest in the practice of clinical endocrinology. These physicians devote a significant part of their career to the evaluation and management of patients with endocrine disease. These physicians are usually members of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and a majority are certified by Boards recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.
A hypophysectomy is major surgery and is always performed in a hospital setting.
the hormones needed. Patients with no pituitary function did and still do quite well because of the available hormone replacements.
Other specific risks include;
- Hypopituitarism. Following surgery, if the pituitary gland has normal activity, it may become underactive and the patient may require hormone replacement therapy. Diabetes insipidus (DI) (excessive thirst and excessive urine) is not uncommon in the first few days following surgery. The vast majority of cases clear but a small number of individuals need hormone replacement.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. CSF leakage from the nose can occur following hypophysectomy. If it happens during surgery, the surgeon will repair the leak immediately. If it occurs after the nasal pack is removed, it may require diversion of the CSF away from the site of surgery or repair.
- Infection. Infection of the pituitary gland is a serious risk as it may result in abscess formation or meningitis. The risk is very small and the vast majority of cases are treatable by antibiotics. Patients are usually given antibiotics during surgery and until the nasal pack is removed.
- Bleeding. Nasal bleeding or bleeding in the cavity of the tumor after removal may occur. If the latter occurs it may lead to deterioration of vision as the visual nerves are very close to the pituitary region.
- Nasal septal perforation. This may also occur during surgery, although it is very uncommon.
- Visual impairment. A very rare occurrence, but still a risk.
QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR
- Should I stop any medications before surgery?
- How long will the surgery last?
- What are the possible risks and complications?
- How long will it be before I can resume normal activities?
- How many hypophysectomies do you perform each year?
- Are there alternatives to surgery?
- Incomplete tumor removal. Tumors may not be completely removed, due to their attachment to vital structures.
Normal results
In the past, complete removal of the pituitary was the goal for cancer treatment. Nowadays, removal of tumors with preservation of the gland is the goal of the surgery.
Morbidity and mortality rates
A follow-up study performed at the Massachusetts General Hospital and involving 349 patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenomas between 1978 and 1985 documented 39 deaths over the 13 year follow-up. The primary cause of death was cardiovascular (27.5%) followed by non-pituitary cancer (20%) and pituitary-related deaths (20%). When compared to the population at large, the primary cause of death was also cardiovascular (40%), followed by cancers (at 24%).
Alternatives
Surgery is a common treatment for pituitary tumors. For patients in whom hypophysectomy has failed or who are not suitable candidates for surgery, radiotherapy is another possible treatment. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation to the pituitary gland is given over a six-week period, with improvement occurring in 40-50% of adults and up to 80% of children. It may take several months or years before patients feel better from radiation treatment alone. However, the combination of radiation and the drug mitotane (Lysodren) has been shown to help speed recovery. Mitotane suppresses cortisol production and lowers plasma and urine hormone levels. Treatment with mitotane alone can be successful in 30-40% of patients. Other drugs used alone or in combination to control the production of excess cortisol are aminoglutethimide, metyrapone, trilostane, and ketoconazole.
Resources
BOOKS
Biller, Beverly M. K. and Gilbert H. Daniels. “Neuroendocrine Regulation and Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus.” In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, edited by Anthony S. Fauci, et al. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
Jameson, J. Larry. “Anterior Pituitary.” In Cecil Textbook of Medicine, edited by J. Claude Bennett and Fred Plum. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1996.
Youmans, Julian R. “Hypophysectomy.” In Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1990.
PERIODICALS
Buchinsky, F. J., T. A. Gennarelli, S. E. Strome, D. G. Deschler, and R. E. Hayden. “Sphenoid Sinus Mucocele: A Rare Complication of Transsphenoidal Hypo-physectomy.” Ear Nose Throat Journal 80 (December 2001): 886–888.
Davis, K. T., I. McDuffie, L. A. Mawhinney, and S. A. Murray. “Hypophysectomy Results in a Loss of Connexin Gap Junction Protein from the Adrenal Cortex.” Endocrine Research 26 (November 2000): 561–570.
Dizon, M. N. and D. L. Vesely. “Gonadotropin-secreting Pituitary Tumor Associated with Hypersecretion of Testosterone and Hypogonadism After Hypophysectomy.” Endocrinology Practice 3 (May-June 2002): 225–231.
Nakagawa, T., M. Asada, T. Takashima, and K. Tomiyama. “Sellar Reconstruction After Endoscopic Transnasal Hypophysectomy.” Laryngoscope 11 (November 2001): 2077–2081.
Volz, J., U. Heinrich, and S. Volz-Koster. “Conception and Spontaneous Delivery After Total Hypophysectomy.” Fertility and Sterility 77(March 2002): 624–625.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE). 1000 Riverside Ave., Suite 205, Jacksonville, FL 32204. (904) 353-7878. http://www.aace.com/.
American Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AAES). Metro Health Medical Center, H920,2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109-1908. (216) 778-4753. http://www.endocrinesurgeons.org.
OTHER
“Hypophysectomy.” University of Dundee. Tayside University Hospitals. 2000 [cited June 24, 2003]. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medicine/tayendoweb/images/hypophysectomy.htm.
J. Ricker Polsdorfer, MD
Monique Laberge, Ph.D.
Hypophysectomy
Hypophysectomy
Definition
Hypophysectomy, or hypophysis, is the surgical removal of the pituitary gland.
Purpose
The pituitary gland is a small, oval-shaped endocrine gland about the size of a pea located in the center of the brain above the back of the nose. Its major role is to produce hormones that regulate growth and metabolism in the body. Removing this important gland is a drastic step that is usually taken in the case of cancers or tumors that resist other forms of treatment, especially craniopharyngioma tumors. Hypophysectomy may also be performed to treat Cushing's syndrome, a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol, in most cases associated with benign tumors called pituitary adenomas. The goal of the surgery is to remove the tumor and try to partially preserve the gland.
Demographics
Craniopharyngiomas account for less than 5% of all brain tumors. Half of all craniopharyngiomas occur in children, with symptoms most often appearing between the ages of five and ten. Cushing's syndrome is relatively rare in the United States, most commonly affecting adults aged 20–50. An estimated 10–15 of every million people are affected each year. However, the Pituitary Network Association reports that one out of every five people worldwide has a pituitary tumor. The earliest study was performed in 1936, by Dr. R. T. Costello of the Mayo Foundation who found pituitary tumors in 22.4% of his studied population with statistics not having changed significantly since that time.
Description
There are several surgical approaches to the pituitary. The surgeon chooses the best one for the specific procedure. The pituitary lies directly behind the nose, and access through the nose or the sinuses is often the best approach. A craniotomy (opening the skull) and lifting the frontal lobe of the brain will expose the delicate neck of the pituitary gland. This approach works best if tumors have extended above the pituitary fossa (the cavity in which the gland lies).
Surgical methods using new technology have made other approaches possible. Stereotaxis is a three-dimensional aiming technique using x rays or scans for guidance. Instruments can be placed in the brain with pinpoint accuracy through tiny holes in the skull. These instruments can then manipulate brain tissue, either to destroy it or remove it. Stereotaxis is also used to direct radiation with similar precision using a gamma knife. Access to some brain lesions can be gained through the blood vessels using tiny tubes and wires guided by x rays.
Diagnosis/Preparation
A patient best prepares for a hypophysectomy by keeping as healthy and relaxed as possible. Informed surgical consent is always required.
The patient is first seen for evaluation of pituitary functions by the treatment team. An MRI scan of the pituitary gland is performed and the patient is seen by a neurosurgeon in an outpatient clinic or at the hospital to assess whether hypophysectomy is suitable.
The patient checks into the hospital the day before surgery and undergoes blood tests, chest x rays, or an electrocardiogram to assess anesthesia fitness. Four to five sticks are attached on buttons on the forehead and marked for a special MRI scan. These buttons and scan help the neurosurgeon to accurately remove the pituitary tumor using sophisticated visualization computers. The patient is visited by the anesthesiologist (the physician who puts the patient to sleep for the operation) and he is asked to fast (nothing to eat or drink) from midnight before the day of surgery. If the hypophysectomy is performed through the nose, the patient is advised to practice breathing through the mouth as the nose will be packed after the surgery.
Aftercare
The operation takes about one to two hours, following which the patient is taken to the recovery area for about two hours before returning to the neurosurgical ward. The following postoperative measures are the normally taken:
- The patient's nose is packed to stop bleeding.
- There may be a dressing on a site of incision in the abdominal wall or thigh if a graft was necessary.
- A drip is attached to the hand and foot and other lines are attached to monitor the heart and breathing.
- A urinary catheter is placed to monitor fluid output.
- The patient has an oxygen mask.
Once in the ward, the patient is allowed to eat and drink the same night, after he or she has recovered from the anesthesia. If fluid intake and output are in balance, the drip and urinary catheter are removed the next morning. The nurses continue to monitor the amount of fluid taken and the amount of urine passed by the patient for a few days. The blood is usually tested the day following surgery. The nasal pack stays for about four days. Once the nasal pack is removed, patients commonly experience moisture coming through the nose and bloodstained mucus occurs frequently. If all is well, patients are usually discharged the following day. There are no sutures to be removed. The sutures in the nose are degradable and the graft site is usually glued together. Patients are advised not to blow their nose or insert anything in the nose.
Risks
The risks associated with hypophysectomy are numerous. Procedures are painstakingly selected to minimize risk and maximize benefit. A special risk associated with surgery on the pituitary is the risk of destroying the entire gland and leaving the entire endocrine system without regulation. Historically, this was the purpose of hypophysectomy, when the procedure was performed to suppress hormone production. After the procedure, the endocrinologist, a physician specializing in the study and care of the endocrine system, would provide the patient with all the hormones needed. Patients with no pituitary function did and still do quite well because of the available hormone replacements.
Other specific risks include;
- Hypopituitarism. Following surgery, if the pituitary gland has normal activity, it may become underactive and the patient may require hormone replacement therapy. Diabetes insipidus (DI) (excessive thirst and excessive urine) is not uncommon in the first few days following surgery. The vast majority of cases clear but a small number of individuals need hormone replacement.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. CSF leakage from the nose can occur following hypophysectomy. If it happens during surgery, the surgeon will repair the leak immediately. If it occurs after the nasal pack is removed, it may require diversion of the CSF away from the site of surgery or repair.
- Infection. Infection of the pituitary gland is a serious risk as it may result in abscess formation or meningitis. The risk is very small and the vast majority of cases are treatable by antibiotics . Patients are usually given antibiotics during surgery and until the nasal pack is removed.
- Bleeding. Nasal bleeding or bleeding in the cavity of the tumor after removal may occur. If the latter occurs it may lead to deterioration of vision as the visual nerves are very close to the pituitary region.
- Nasal septal perforation. This may also occur during surgery, although it is very uncommon.
- Visual impairment. A very rare occurrence, but still a risk.
- Incomplete tumor removal . Tumors may not be completely removed, due to their attachment to vital structures.
Normal results
In the past, complete removal of the pituitary was the goal for cancer treatment. Nowadays, removal of tumors with preservation of the gland is the goal of the surgery.
Morbidity and mortality rates
A follow-up study performed at the Massachusetts General Hospital and involving 349 patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenomas between 1978 and 1985 documented 39 deaths over the 13 year follow-up. The primary cause of death was cardiovascular (27.5%) followed by non-pituitary cancer (20%) and pituitary-related deaths (20%). When compared to the population at large, the primary cause of death was also cardiovascular (40%), followed by cancers (at 24%).
Alternatives
Surgery is a common treatment for pituitary tumors. For patients in whom hypophysectomy has failed or who are not suitable candidates for surgery, radiotherapy is another possible treatment. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation to the pituitary gland is given over a six-week period, with improvement occurring in 40–50% of adults and up to 80% of children. It may take several months or years before patients feel better from radiation treatment alone. However, the combination of radiation and the drug mitotane (Lysodren) has been shown to help speed recovery. Mitotane suppresses cortisol production and lowers plasma and urine hormone levels. Treatment with mitotane alone can be successful in 30–40% of patients. Other drugs used alone or in combination to control the production of excess cortisol are aminoglutethimide, metyrapone, trilostane, and ketoconazole.
Resources
books
Biller, Beverly M. K. and Gilbert H. Daniels. "Neuroendocrine Regulation and Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus." In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, edited by Anthony S. Fauci, et al. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
Jameson, J. Larry. "Anterior Pituitary." In Cecil Textbook of Medicine, edited by J. Claude Bennett and Fred Plum. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1996.
Youmans, Julian R. "Hypophysectomy." In Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1990.
periodicals
Buchinsky, F. J., T. A. Gennarelli, S. E. Strome, D. G. Deschler, and R. E. Hayden. "Sphenoid Sinus Mucocele: A Rare Complication of Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy." Ear Nose Throat Journal 80 (December 2001): 886–888.
Davis, K. T., I. McDuffie, L. A. Mawhinney, and S. A. Murray. "Hypophysectomy Results in a Loss of Connexin Gap Junction Protein from the Adrenal Cortex." Endocrine Research 26 (November 2000): 561–570.
Dizon, M. N. and D. L. Vesely. "Gonadotropin-secreting Pituitary Tumor Associated with Hypersecretion of Testosterone and Hypogonadism After Hypophysectomy." Endocrinology Practice 3 (May-June 2002): 225–231.
Nakagawa, T., M. Asada, T. Takashima, and K. Tomiyama. "Sellar Reconstruction After Endoscopic Transnasal Hypophysectomy." Laryngoscope 11 (November 2001): 2077–2081.
Volz, J., U. Heinrich, and S. Volz-Koster. "Conception and Spontaneous Delivery After Total Hypophysectomy." Fertility and Sterility 77 (March 2002): 624–625.
organizations
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE). 1000 Riverside Ave., Suite 205, Jacksonville, FL 32204. (904) 353-7878. <http://www.aace.com/>.
American Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AAES). Metro-Health Medical Center, H920, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109-1908. (216) 778-4753. <http://www.endocrinesurgeons.org/gt;.
other
"Hypophysectomy." University of Dundee. Tayside University Hospitals. 2000 [cited June 24, 2003]. <http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medicine/tayendoweb/images/hypophysectomy.htm>
J. Ricker Polsdorfer, MD
Monique Laberge, Ph.D.
WHO PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE AND WHERE IS IT PERFORMED?
Hypophysectomies are performed by neurosurgeons or surgeons specialized in endocrinology. Endocrinologists are physicians with special education, training, and interest in the practice of clinical endocrinology. These physicians devote a significant part of their career to the evaluation and management of patients with endocrine disease. These physicians are usually members of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and a majority are certified by Boards recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.
A hypophysectomy is major surgery and is always performed in a hospital setting.
QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR
- Should I stop any medications before surgery?
- How long will the surgery last?
- What are the possible risks and complications?
- How long will it be before I can resume normal activities?
- How many hypophysectomies do you perform each year?
- Are there alternatives to surgery?
Hypophysectomy
Hypophysectomy
Definition
Hypophysectomy or hypophysis is the removal of the pituitary gland.
Purpose
The pituitary gland is in the middle of the head. Removing this master gland is a drastic step that was taken in the extreme circumstance of two cancers that had escaped all other forms of treatment. Cancers of the female breast and male prostate grow faster in the presence of sex hormones. It used to be that sex hormones could be suppressed only by removing their source, the glands that made them. After the gonads were removed, some cancers continued to grow, so other stimulants to their growth had to removed. At this point, some cancer specialists turned to the pituitary.
With the development of new therapeutic agents and methods, especially new ways to manipulate hormones without removing their source, this type of endocrine surgery has been largely relegated to history. However, tumors develop in the pituitary gland that require removal. Here, the idea is to remove the tumor but partially preserve the gland.
Description
There are several surgical approaches to the pituitary. The surgeon will choose the best one for the specific procedure. The pituitary lies directly behind the nose, and access through the nose or the sinuses is often the best approach. Opening the skull and lifting the frontal lobe of the brain will expose the delicate neck of the pituitary gland. This approach works best if tumors have extended above the pituitary fossa (the cavity in which the gland lies).
Newer surgical methods using technology have made other approaches possible. Stereotaxis is a three-dimensional aiming technique using x rays or scans for guidance. Instruments can be placed in the brain with pinpoint accuracy through tiny holes in the skull. These instruments can then manipulate brain tissue, either to destroy it or remove it. Stereotaxis is also used to direct radiation with similar precision using a gamma knife. Access to some brain lesions can be gained through the blood vessels using tiny tubes and wires guided by x rays.
Preparation
Pituitary surgery is performed by neurosurgeons deep inside the skull. All the patient can do to prepare is keep as healthy as possible and trust that the surgeon will do his usual excellent job. Informed surgical consent is important so that the patient is fully confident of the need for surgery and the expected outcome.
Aftercare
Routine post-operative care is required. In addition, pituitary function will be assessed.
Risks
The risks of surgery are multiple. Procedures are painstakingly selected to minimize risk and maximize benefit. Unique to surgery on the pituitary is the risk of destroying the entire gland and leaving the entire endocrine system without guidance. This used to be the whole purpose of hypophysectomy. After the procedure, the endocrinologist, a physician specializing in the study and care of the endocrine system, would provide the patient with all the hormones needed. Patients with no pituitary function did and still do quite well because of the available hormone replacements.
Normal results
Complete removal of the pituitary was the goal for cancer treatment. Today, removal of tumors with preservation of the gland is the goal.
Abnormal results
Tumors may not be completely removed, due to their attachment to vital structures.
Resources
BOOKS
Biller, Beverly M. K., and Gilbert H. Daniels. "Neuroendocrine Regulation and Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus." In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, edited by Anthony S. Fauci, et al. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
KEY TERMS
Endocrine system— Group of glands and parts of glands that control metabolic activity. Pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, and testes are all part of the endocrine system.
Hormone— A chemical made in one place that has effects in distant places in the body. Hormone production is usually triggered by the pituitary gland.