LAURA

USA, 1944

Director: Otto Preminger

Production: Twentieth Century-Fox; black and white, 35mm; running time: 88 minutes. Released 1944. Filmed 24 April-29 June 1944 (retakes 15–20 July 1944), in Fox studios.

Producer: Otto Preminger; screenplay: Jay Datler, Samuel Hoffenstein and Betty Reinhardt, uncredited collaboration on screenplay by Ring Lardner, Jr., and Jerome Cady, from the play and novel by Vera Caspary; photography: Joseph LaShelle; editor: Louis R. Loeffler; sound: E. Clayton Ward and Harry M. Leonard; production designers: Thomas Little and Paul S. Fox; art directors: Lyle Wheeler and Leland Fuller; music: David Raksin; music director: Emil Newman; special effect photography: Fred Sersen; costume designer: Bonnie Cashin.

Cast: Gene Tierney (Laura Hunt); Dana Andrews (Mark McPherson); Clifton Webb (Waldo Lydecker); Vincent Price (Shelby Carpenter); Judith Anderson (Anne Treadwell); Dorothy Adams (Bessie Clary); James Flavin (McAvity); Clyde Fillmore (Bullitt); Tom Dillon replaced Ralph Dunn as (Fred Callahan); Kathleen Howard (Louise); Lee Tung Foo (Waldo's Servant); Harold Schlickenmayer, Harry Strang, and Lane Chandler (Policemen); Non-Credited Roles: Frank La Rue (Hairdresser); Dorothy Christie, Aileen Pringle, Terry Adams, Jean Fenwick, Kay Linaker, and Yolanda Lacca (Women); Cara Williams, Gloria Marlin, Beatrice Gray, Kay Connors, and Frances Gladwin (Young girls); Buster Miles (Johnny); Jane Nigh (Secretary); William Forrest, Alexander Sacha, Forbes Murray, Cyril Ring, and Nestor Eristoff (Men); John Dexter (Jacoby); Bess Flowers (Girl in the hall of the theater); Major Sam Harris (Anne Treadwell's escort).

Award: Oscar for Best Cinematography, 1944.

Publications

Script:

Datler, Jay, and others, Laura, in Avant-Scène du Cinéma (Paris), July-September 1978.

Books:

Lourcelles, Jacques, Otto Preminger, Paris, 1965.

Pratley, Gerald, The Cinema of Otto Preminger, New York, 1971.

Parish, James Robert, The Fox Girls, New Rochelle, New York, 1971.

Frischauer, Willi, Behind the Scenes of Otto Preminger, London, 1973.

Preminger, Otto, An Autobiography, New York, 1977.

McAsh, Iain, The Films of Vincent Price, London, 1977.

Parish, James Robert, and William T. Leonard, The Funsters, New Rochelle, New York, 1979.

McAsh, Iain, Vincent Price: A Biography, Farncombe, Surrey, 1982.

McNamara, Eugene, Laura as Novel, Film, and Myth, Lewiston, New York, 1992.

Bächler, Odile, Laura: Otto Preminger, Paris, 1995.

Williams, Lucy C., The Complete Films of Vincent Price, Secaucus, 1995.

Bogdanovich, Peter, Who the Devil Made It: Conversations withRobert Aldrich, George Cukor, Allan Dwan, Howard Hawks,Alfred Hitchcock, Chuck Jones, Fritz Lang, Joseph H. Lewis,Sidney Lumet, Leo McCarey, Otto Preminger, Don Siegel, Josefvon Sternberg, Frank Tashlin, Edgar G. Ulmer, Raoul Walsh, New York, 1997.

Phillips, Gene D., Exiles in Hollywood: Major European FilmDirectors in America, Bethlehem, 1998.

Articles:

Variety (New York), 11 October 1944.

New York Times, 12 October 1944.

Times (London), 27 November 1944.

Borde, Raymond, and Etienne Chaumeton, Panorama du film noir, Paris, 1955.

Reid, John Howard, in Films and Filming (London), February and March 1961.

"Preminger Issue" of Présence du Cinéma (Paris), February 1962.

"Preminger Issue" of Movie (London), September 1962.

"Preminger Issue" of Movie (London), no. 4, 1963.

Agel, Henri, "Laura; ou, L'Epanchement de la mort dans la vie," in Romance Amérique, Paris, 1963.

"Preminger Issue" of Visages du Cinéma (Paris), March 1963.

Sarris, Andrew, "Preminger's Two Periods—Studio and Solo," in Film Comment (New York), Summer 1965.

"Clifton Webb," in Films in Review (New York), January 1970.

Caspary, Vera, "My Laura and Otto's," in Saturday Review (New York), 26 June 1971.

Shields, Jonathan, "Gene Tierney," in Films in Review (New York), November 1971.

Borok, B., "Laura: The Story Behind the Picture," in Thousand Eyes (New York), November 1976.

Thompson, Kristin, "Closure Within a Dream: Point of View in Laura," in Film Reader (Evanston, Illinois), no. 3, 1978.

"Laura Issue" of Avant-Scène du Cinéma (Paris), July-September 1978.

McVay, Douglas, "Faithful in His Fashion: Otto Preminger's Laura," in Bright Lights (Los Angeles), no. 4, 1979.

Leese, Elizabeth, in Magill's Survey of Cinema 2, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1980.

Film Reader (Evanston, Illinois), no. 5, 1982.

Marinero, M., in Casablanca (Madrid), May 1983.

Blanchet, C., in Cinéma (Paris), November 1983.

Legrand, G., "Laura et Mark Dixon, détective: Au bois dormant, une jeune Parque," in Positif (Paris), May 1984.

Catsos, G.J.M., "Remembering Laura," in Hollywood Studio Magazine (Studio City), vol. 20, no. 3, 1987.

Reid's Film Index (Wyong), no. 1, 1987.

Leandoer, K., "Otto Preminger's Laura," in Chaplin (Stockholm), vol. 31, no. 4, 1989.

Telotte, J. P., "The Big Clock of Film Noir," in Film Criticism (Meadville, Pennsylvania), no. 2, 1990.

Carluccio, G., and L. Cena, "Otto Preminger, la persistenza di uno sguardo," in Castoro Cinema (Florence), January-February 1990.

Ward, L.E., "The Great Films," in Classic Images (Muscatine), no. 177, March 1990.

Nielsen, R., "Ray's Way," in Classic Images (Muscatine), no. 187, January 1991.

Denby, D., "Thrillers with a Twist," in Premiere (Boulder), vol. 4, August 1991.

Carluccio, G., and G. Pescatore, "Dal nero. Del noir, dello schermo," in Cinema & Cinema (Bologna), May-August 1991.

Schactman, K., "Laura," in Scarlet Street (Glen Rock), no. 7, Summer 1992.

Raksin, David, "Music Via a Devious Root," in Cue Sheet (Hollywood), vol. 10, no. 1–2, Spring 1993–94.

Feigelson, Roger, "Laura/Jane Eyre," in Télérama (Paris), no. 2305, 16 March 1994.

Kock, I. de, "Laura," in Film en Televisie + Video (Brussels), no. 453, July 1995.

Care, Ross, "Forever Raksin," in Scarlet Street (Glen Rock), no. 22, 1996.

Loban, Lelia, "The Face in the Misty Light, Laura," in Scarlet Street (Glen Rock), no. 22, 1996.

"Laura is Preminger's Citizen Kane, at least in the sense that Otto's detractors, like Orson's [Welles] have never permitted him to live it down," comments Andrew Sarris in his essay, "Preminger's Two Periods."

The film, which is based on Vera Caspary's very popular book of the same name, was brought to Darryl F. Zanuck's attention by Otto Preminger. Although Preminger was allowed to produce it, Zanuck insisted that someone else be brought in to direct it. Rouben Mamoulian was subsequently brought into the project. However problems with the initial shooting and characterization in the film led to Mamoulian's removal as director, and subsequent replacement by Preminger.

Although Preminger claims to have reshot all of Mamoulian's earlier work, the latter states that three-quarters of the released version of Laura was part of his original footage—a fact that his cameraman, Lucien Ballard confirms. However, Preminger confided to Joseph La Shelle, who replaced Ballard as cameraman, that "We're not going to leave any scene at all of Mamoulian's in this picture."

Despite these problems and the tension that existed between cast and director when Preminger took over and characters in the script were reassessed and changed, Laura to everyone's surprise became a blinding success. However, the author Vera Caspary had great problems with the film's script not least of which was the use of a clock as the hiding place for the murder weapon. In Caspary's book the gun is hidden in Waldo Lydecker's cane. The author argued that this symbolized the murderer's impotence; Preminger contested that the audience would not understand this Freudian idea.

Essentially a crime story, Laura centers around the murder of a woman, who has been shot in the face, and the effect that it has on the people around her. The investigating detective brought in to solve the case, Mark McPherson (Dana Andrews) is a hard-boiled policeman—a far cry from the "highly intelligent criminologist" Andrews originally envisaged. McPherson sees a portrait of the alleged murder victim and falls in love with her. In a highly charged, very sexual scene McPherson wanders around Laura's apartment, touching her possessions, loosening his tie, and clutching a drink, as he stares moodily at the portrait. He dozes off fixating on Laura, and awakens to find the object of his passion standing before him. Lydecker (Clifton Webb) recognizes this strange fixation and says: "You'll end up in a psycho ward. I don't think they've ever had a patient who fell in love with a corpse."

Waldo Lydecker, the highly intellectual news columnist, tells McPherson about Laura. She approached Lydecker while he was having lunch at the Algonquin, and asked him to endorse a pen. Although he refused, he could not get Laura out of his mind and tracked her down. Taking her under his wing, Lydecker groomed her introducing her to important people. However, while Waldo fulfilled an emotional and intellectual need, Laura looked to other men for relationships. For the most part these men were meaningless until she met the debonair but spineless Shelby Carpenter (Vincent Price), and became engaged to him. Just before her murder Lydecker told Laura that her fiancé was having an affair with a young model, Diane Redfern. Laura went away to think about their relationship.

McPherson embarks on a determined quest to find the identities of the real victim and the murderer. Piecing events together he works out that the victim is Diane Redfern. Shelby reluctantly admits that he met Diane at Laura's flat. When the doorbell rang, Diane answered it and was shot in the face by her killer. Shelby panicked and left; he confesses that he thought that Laura was the murderer.

McPherson, suspicious of Lydecker goes to his flat and searches it. He finds a baroque clock identical to one in Laura's flat. Searching Laura's clock he finds the murder weapon concealed within it. He leaves to arrest Lydecker, not realizing that Lydecker is incensed that Laura is in love with McPherson, and has returned to try and kill Laura again. Luckily McPherson rescues her in time.

The male characters in Laura are interesting. They present different aspects of masculinity, and are all in a sense symbols of impotency. Shelby is a weak, amoral man who uses Laura for his own ends but does not really see or desire her as a woman; Lydecker is the cynical, witty friend who can never be a lover but idealizes her; and McPherson is a masculine, brawny man, who illustrates his impotency by falling in love with a dead woman. As the hero he, however, moves beyond this point into a new realm with his dream woman.

Laura does not physically enter the story until about half way through the film when her persona has already been set up. The audience is aware that she is a beautiful, intelligent, and sensual woman. Her world is one of rich, sophisticated people. She is set up on a pedestal well before she appears on screen. However in reality Gene Tierney's Laura is an ambitious woman—a woman who knows her mind, who states "I'll never do anything that isn't of my own free will."

The whole of the film has a dream-like feel to it. This was mostly due to La Shelle's camera work. He reportedly took hours to set up each scene, fiddling over lighting. The film contains many long shots in which the camera pans the landscape—the shot of Lydecker's apartment, which is based on an unused scene in Hitchcock's Rebecca, is an example of this. The end result well justified the time and deliberation that went into planning these shots as the film won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography in 1944.

—A. Pillai

LAURA

A laura is a colony of monks leading semieremitical lives in separate huts grouped around a central building (coenobium ) near a church. The monks were subject to a spiritual father and gathered on Saturday and Sunday for the communal celebration of the liturgy. Often the anchorites had to pass a period of probation in the coenobium. Laura is most commonly used with reference to 4th–century Palestinian monasticism, the first monastery there having been founded by St. Chariton (c. 350) at Pharan, northeast of Jerusalem. However, the first monks of Egypt, especially those of Scete, patterned their semieremitical life on that of the laura also, as did monks of Syria, Mesopotamia, Gaul, Italy, Ireland, Britain, and as they do in Russia to this day (see athos, mount). It represents a mid–stage between the life of the recluse and the fully cenobitic life developed by St. pachomius. St. Euthymius (377–473) and his disciple St. sabas (439–532) founded the most famous Palestinian lauras. In 483 Sabas established also, southeast of Jerusalem, the Great Laura (known as Mar Saba), which still stands today; and in 507, the New Laura.

Bibliography: s. vailhÉ, "Les premiers monastères de Palestine," Bessarione 3 (1897–98) 39–58, 209–225; 4 (1898) 193–210. h. leclercq, Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, ed. f. cabrol, h. leclercq, and h. i. marrou, 15 v. (Paris 1907–53) 8.2:1961–88. h. g. evelyn–white, ed., The Monasteries of the Wadi n' Natrûn, 3 v. (New York 1926–33) 3:3–9. f. van der meer and c. mohrmann, Atlas of the Early Christian World, ed. and tr. m. f. hedlund and h. h. rowley (New York 1958) 15, 17, 34, 35, 170–171.

[m. c. mccarthy]

Laura

Laura (1944) is a classic film noir that critic Pauline Kael calls "Everybody's favorite murder mystery." Featuring a superb ensemble cast—Gene Tierney as the mysteriously disappeared Laura; Dana Andrews as investigating detective Mark McPherson who falls in love with Laura's portrait; Clifton Webb as the cynical radio personality Waldo Lydecker, who regards the beautiful Laura as both his creation and his property; Vincent Price as Laura's shallow, Southern playboy suitor Shelby Carpenter, and Judith Anderson as Laura's rich spinster aunt and Shelby's would-be lover—Laura is stylishly and superbly directed by Otto Preminger. Nominated for five Academy Awards, Laura won for Best Cinematography. The haunting score by David Raskins would become one of the most famous movie themes ever written. Moderately successful when it was released in 1944, Laura has become a cult favorite and a staple of the classic movie cable channels.

—Victoria Price

Further Reading:

Kael, Pauline. 5001 Nights at the Movies. New York, Henry Holt, 1991.

Silver, Alain, and Elizabeth Ward. Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style. Woodstock, New York, The Overlook Press, 1979.

Laura ★★★★ 1944

Detective Mark McPherson (Andrews) assigned to the murder investigation of the late Laura Hunt (Tierney) finds himself falling in love with her painted portrait and discovering some surprising facts. Superb collaboration by excellent cast and fine director. Superior suspense yarn, enhanced by a love story. Based on the novel by Vera Caspary. Rouben Mamoulian was the original director, then Preminger finished the film. 85m/B VHS, DVD . Gene Tierney, Dana Andrews, Clifton Webb, Lane Chandler, Vincent Price, Judith Anderson, Grant Mitchell, Dorothy Adams, Ron Dunn, Clyde Fillmore, James Flavin; D: Otto Preminger; W: Elizabeth Reinhardt, Jay Dratler, Samuel Hoffenstein, Ring Lardner Jr.; C: Joseph LaShelle; M: David Raksin. Oscars ‘44: B&W Cinematog., Natl. Film Reg. ‘99.

Laura

Saint and abbess. Flourished when the Saracens held Spain, between the 9th to 11th centuries.

Saint Laura, who had been married before she became a nun, was the abbess of the convent of St. Mary of Culédor. Arrested by Saracens, Laura was thrown into a cauldron of boiling pitch. Her feast day is on October 19.