MORTE A VENEZIA

---

(Death in Venice)

Italy, 1971

Director: Luchino Visconti

Production: Alfa Cinematografica (Rome) and P.E.C.F. (Paris); Technicolor, 35mm, Panavision; running time: 131 minutes, some versions are 128 minutes. Released 1971.

Producers: Mario Gallo with Luchino Visconti, Nicolas Badalucco; and Robert Gordon Edwards; screenplay: Luchino Visconti and Nicolas Badalucco, from the novel by Thomas Mann; photography: Pasquale De Santis; editor: Ruggero Mastroianni; sound: Vittorio Trentino with Giuseppe Muratori; art director: Ferdinando Scarfiotti; music: Gustav Mahler; music director: Franco Mannino; costume designer: Piero Tosi.

Cast: Dirk Bogarde (Gustav von Aschenbach); Romolo Valli (Director of the "Hotel Des Bains"); Nora Ricci (Governess of Tadzio); Mark Burns (Alfried); Marisa Berenson (Mogol of G.V.A.); Carole André (Esmeralda); Leslie French (Cook's agent); Sergio Garfagnoli (Jasciu); Franco Fabrizi (Barber); Dominque Darel (English tourist); Masha Predit (Russian tourist); Silvano Mangano (Tadzio's mother); Ciro Cristogoletti; Antonio Apicella; Bruno Boschetti; Luigi Battaglia; Mirella Pompili; Björn Andersen (Tadzio).

Award: Cannes Film Festival, Special Prize, 1971.

Publications

Script:

Visconti, Luchino, and Nicolas Badalucco, Morte a Venezia, edited by Lino Miccichè, Bologna, 1971.

Books:

Baldelli, Pio, Luchino Visconti, Milan, 1973.

Hinxman, Margaret, and Susan d'Arcy, The Films of Dirk Bogarde, London, 1974.

Ferrero, Adelio, editor, Visconti: Il cinema, Modena, 1977.

Bianchi, Pietro, Maestri del cinema, Milan, 1977.

Tornabuoni, Lietta, editor, Album Visconti, Milan, 1978.

Stirling, Monica, A Screen of Time: A Study of Luchino Visconti, New York, 1979.

Servadio, Gaia, Luchino Visconti, Milan, 1980; as Luchino Visconti:A Biography, London, 1981; New York, 1983.

Becivenni, Alessandro, Luchino Visconti, Florence, 1982.

Tonetti, Claretta, Luchino Visconti, Boston, 1983.

Ishaghpour, Youssef, Luchino Visconti: Le Sens et l'image, Paris, 1984.

Sanzio, Alain, and Paul-Louis Thirard, Luchino Visconti: Cinéaste, Paris, 1984.

De Giusti, Luciano, I film di Luchino Visconti, Rome, 1985.

Geitel, Klaus, and others, Luchino Visconti, Munich, 1985.

Mancini, Elaine, Luchino Visconti: A Guide to References andResources, Boston, 1986.

Villien, Bruno, Visconti, Paris, 1986.

Schifano, Laurence, Luchino Visconti: Les Feux de la passion, Paris, 1987.

Tanitch, Robert, Dirk Bogarde: The Complete Career Illustrated, London, 1988.

Partridge, C.J., Senso: Visconti's Film and Bioto's Novella: A CaseStudy in the Relation between Literature and Film, Lewiston, NY, 1992.

Bacon, Henry, Visconti: Explorations of Beauty and Decay, Cambridge and New York, 1998.

Articles:

Elsaesser, Thomas, "Luchino Visconti," in Brighton Film Review, February 1970.

"Visconti Issue" of Cinema (Rome), April 1970.

Alpert, Hollis, in Saturday Review (New York), 8 August 1970.

Hinxman, Margaret, in Sight and Sound (London), Autumn 1970.

Radkai, K., "Luchino Visconti," in Vogue (New York), 1 November 1970.

Tynan, Kenneth, "Death in Venice: At the End of the Path of Beauty Lies Eros," in Vogue (New York), December 1970.

"Mort à Venise Issue" of Avant-Scène du Cinéma (Paris), July 1971.

Korte, Walter, "Marxism and Formalism in the Films of Luchino Visconti," in Cinema Journal (Evanston, Illinois), Fall 1971.

Oudart, J. P., and S. Daney, "Le Nom-de-l'auteur," in Cahiers duCinéma (Paris), January-February 1972.

Guiguet, J. C., in Image et Son (Paris), February 1972.

Hutchinson, A., in Literature/Film Quarterly (Salisbury, Maryland), Winter 1974.

Bogemski, G., "Nachkomme eines alten Herrschergeschlechts," in Film und Fernsehen (Berlin), October 1979 to June 1980.

Galerstein, C., "Images of Decadence in Visconti's Death in Venice," in Literature/Film Quarterly (Salisbury, Maryland), January 1985.

Amengual, Barthélemy, in Positif (Paris), September 1985.

Medhurst, Andy, "Dirk Bogarde," in All Our Yesterdays, edited by Charles Barr, London, 1986.

Badalucco, N., "Come si scrive una sceneggiatura," in Cinema &Cinema (Bologna), September-December 1989.

Bolleme, G., "Plus beau que l'on ne saurait dire," in Camera/Stylo (Paris), December 1989.

Verdier, A., "De l'ecrit a l'image," in Camera/Stylo (Paris), December 1989.

Málek, Petr, "Variace na téma Viscontiho Smrti v Benátkách," in Iluminace, vol. 7, no. 1, 1995.

Hallouin, L., "Text, Film, Memory: Note on Two Variations of Melancholy," in Iris (Iowa City), no. 19, Autumn 1995.

Bertellini, G., "A Battle d'arrier-garde," in Film Quarterly (Berkeley), vol. 50, no. 4, 1997.

Rohdie, S., "Time and Consciousness in Luchino Visconti," in Metro (Victoria, Australia), no. 113, 1998.

* * *

Director Luchino Visconti's screen adaption of Thomas Mann's Death in Venice is both a triumph of visual style and a problematic study of literature-into-film translations. In collaboration with cinematographer Pasquale De Santis, Visconti captures Mann's haunting story in images of hypnotic beauty, yet they are images which the film's verbal exposition cannot always equal.

One of the themes of Mann's brilliant novella has to do with the artist's recognition of the power and validity of physical beauty, and Visconti's cinematic approach conveys his understanding of this theme in every frame. The splendor of Venice, the elegance of Aschenbach's seaside hotel, the androgynous perfection of the boy Tadzio—all are photographed in a lush, unhurried manner that allows the viewer to linger on a detail or to simply absorb the richness of the scene as a whole. This is a story—and a film—of contemplation, and Visconti permits his audience to share in the overwhelming sensuality that will penetrate Aschenbach's emotional reserve and shatter his lifelong convictions about philosophy and art.

Yet as this is also a story of death—Aschenbach's own, as well as the destruction of his rigidly-held ideas—Visconti has permeated his film with an atmosphere of decay. Images of death are everywhere. Indeed, when Aschenbach at last allows himself to be powdered and rouged into a pathetic parody of youthfulness, his face resembles nothing so much as a death mask, streaked with black as the sun melts the paint around his eyes. This pairing of beauty and death, which lies at the heart of the story itself, lends the film an unsettling, almost oppressive air, reminiscent of flowers on the verge of wilting. Visconti himself was close to 70 when Death in Venice was made and would complete only three more pictures after its release. It is clear from the film's painful illumination of the gulf between youth and old age that it was a concern much on the filmmaker's own mind.

The shortcomings of Death in Venice are those which every film adaption must face, i.e. the nearly insurmountable difficulties inherent in transposing interior thoughts into visible images. To understand the effect that his obsession with Tadzio has on Aschenbach, one must first grasp the rejection of emotion and the physical senses that has informed Aschenbach's work as an artist. Mann conveys this information through straight-forward description of his character's meditations on art, a method not available to Visconti. Instead, the director resorts to a series of flashbacks in which Aschenbach and a friend argue bitterly over their opposing views on art and life. The resulting scenes seem static and talky when juxtaposed with Visconti's fluid— and virtually wordless—presentation of the delicate interplay between Aschenbach and the enigmatic Tadzio.

The flashbacks, however, merely lay the groundwork for most of the film's action, and in depicting Aschenbach's growing love for Tadzio and the older man's subsequent decline, Visconti's strong cinematic sense serves him well. He is aided by a finely textured performance from Dirk Bogarde, who has been made up to resemble composer Gustav Mahler, upon whom Mann is said to have based his character, and by Mahler's stirring Fifth Symphony which is the basis of the film's soundtrack. Despite its flaws, Death in Venice remains an absorbing and visually stunning adaption of Mann's challenging work.

—Janet E. Lorenz