Carnitine

Description

Carnitine is an amino acid that is essential for babies and nonessential for others. In this context, essential means it must be obtained in the diet. Nonessential types of amino acids can be synthesized to some extent within the body. The kidney is able to form carnitine from the amino acids lysine and methionine , in addition to iron and vitamins B₆, niacin , and C. The function of carnitine is to mobilize long-chain fatty acids into the powerhouse of the cell, where they are used for energy. Carnitine is necessary for infants to grow and develop normally.

General use

The strongest indication for supplemental carnitine is a genetic defect that causes a deficiency. It may also be inadequately manufactured by babies, particularly those who are premature or have a low birth weight.

Abnormally low levels of carnitine are most commonly associated with a few rare genetic diseases. Symptoms of inadequate carnitine can include confusion, heart pain , muscle weakness, and obesity . Poor consumption of the nutrients required in order to synthesize carnitine also sometimes results in deficiency. These nutrients include lysine, methionine, vitamin C , iron, niacin, and vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine ). Anyone with a protein deficient diet may have inadequate levels of the building blocks for carnitine. Lysine and methionine are likely to be lacking in a strict vegan diet, although some fortified grains are available. Those who are under severe or chronic health stress are also at higher risk. People who have had surgery, severe burns , or wasting illnesses require higher protein levels, and might benefit from a supplement. The use of supplements containing D-carni-tine has the potential to cause L-carnitine deficiency.

The heart is the most carnitine-rich organ in the body, and there are several heart or circulatory conditions that may benefit from more carnitine than is normally in the diet. Carnitine appears to help the heart, a muscle that requires a lot of energy, function better. One of the primary heart problems that can be helped by carnitine supplementation is angina (heart pain due to decreased oxygen because of coronary artery disease). Two studies using L-carnitine, and one using L-propionylcarnitine, have demonstrated a reduction in symptoms of this condition. When carnitine is added to the treatment plan, it can potentially reduce some of the other medications used to control angina. However, reducing medication for angina patients should be supervised and guided by a healthcare provider.

Intermittent claudication is a condition that develops in some people with severe atherosclerosis . Walking becomes painful as a result of decreased blood flow to the legs. Most studies have shown significant improvement in the distance walked without pain when a supplement of L-propionyl-carnitine was used. The dose used in one study was 0.07 oz (2 g) per day.

When used along with traditionally prescribed medications, carnitine may improve survival rates after a heart attack . Other benefits, including lowering the heart rate, blood pressure, and lipid levels occurred in treated groups. The dose and type used in one study was 0.14 oz (4 g) per day of L-carnitine.

Most studies of carnitine used to improve athletic performance have not shown any benefit. Supplementation may have some minimal effects on Alzheimer's patients; some study groups had slightly slower rates of deterioration. These results remain questionable and further study is needed.

There is some evidence that the use of supplemental L-carnitine, at a dose of approximately 500-1000 mg three times per day, may help to lower levels of serum cholesterol . However, this regimen would be expensive, and there are other effective and less expensive supplements available. These include garlic , red yeast rice, niacin, high fiber diets , and soy proteins.

A condition known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) causes a number of potentially debilitating symptoms, including severe fatigue , muscle pain, and depression . Carnitine may prove helpful in alleviating the symptoms of CFS, perhaps by increasing the efficiency of energy production. One small study used a dose of 0.1 oz (3 g) of L-carnitine per day.

Undocumented claims for the health benefits of carnitine include treatment of Down's syndrome, muscular dystrophy, some forms of male infertility , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and alcoholic fatty liver disease. Carnitine has also been said to reduce the toxicity of AZT, a medication for AIDS .

Preparations

Carnitine is found primarily in meats, but may also be found in avocados, breast milk, dairy products, and tempeh. In the body, it can be synthesized in the kidney from lysine and methionine. Supplements are available in capsules, but are generally quite expensive.

Several forms of oral carnitine are available, including L-carnitine, D-carnitine, and DL-carnitine. The latter two forms are often found in over-the-counter nutritional products and supplements. They are associated with more adverse effects. Products containing D-carnitine and DL-carnitine should be avoided. L-acetyl-carnitine and L-propionyl-carnitine are acceptable alternative formulations that may be recommended for specific conditions.

Precautions

Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant should not take carnitine supplements. Breastfeeding mothers should also avoid them, since they may not be safe for infants in this situation. Babies requiring a supplement due to low birth weight or pre-term conditions should have it prescribed and monitored by a healthcare provider. Those with food allergies to proteins are at risk of adverse reactions to carnitine. People who have chronic liver disease are at risk of having high carnitine levels due to their illness and should not take carnitine supplements.

Side effects

L-carnitine taken by mouth has been known to cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting , cramps, and diarrhea . DL-carnitine is sometimes associated with a syndrome of severe weakness and wasting of muscle, particularly in patients with kidney disease who have been on long-term hemodialysis.

Interactions

Valproic acid, a drug sometimes used to treat seizures, is more likely to cause toxicity if the patient under treatment has a carnitine deficiency. The drug may cause decreased carnitine levels. A healthcare provider should be consulted regarding the advisability of taking supplemental carnitine under those circumstances. Supplements of carnitine may increase the effects of the anticoagulant medication warfarin.

Resources

BOOKS

Balch, James, and Phyllis Balch. Prescription for Nutritional Healing. New York: Avery Publishing Group, 1997.

Bratman, Steven, and David Kroll. Natural Health Bible. Prima Publishing, 1999.

Griffith, H. Winter. Vitamins, Herbs, Minerals & Supplements: The complete guide. Arizona: Fisher Books, 1998.

Jellin, Jeff, Forrest Batz, and Kathy Hitchens. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. California: Therapeutic Research Faculty, 1999.

Pressman, Alan H., and Sheila Buff. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Vitamins and Minerals. New York: Alpha books, 1997.

Judith Turner

carnitine A derivative of the amino acid lysine, required for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation. There is no evidence that it is a dietary essential for human beings, since it can readily be formed in the body, although there is some evidence that increased intake may enhance the work capacity of muscles. It is a dietary essential for some insects, and was at one time called vitamin B_T.

carnitine A compound found in animal cells that functions in both fatty-acid synthesis and oxidation. It also facilitates the transport of fatty-acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.