Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide De Gasperi
The Italian statesman Alcide De Gasperi (1881-1954) was one of the founders of Italian democracy after World War II.
Alcide De Gasperi was born on April 3, 1881, at Pieve Tesino in Trentino, then controlled by Austria. As a young man, he became active in the Irredentist movement to bring Italian-speaking people still under Austrian jurisdiction into the kingdom of Italy. In 1906 he began publication of the polemical journal II Trentino. This brought him a good deal of attention, and in 1911 he was elected to the Austrian Parliament as deputy for Trentino, a post he held for 6 years.
De Gasperi then joined the new Catholic People's party (Partito Popolare Italiano), founded by the Catholic political leader Don Luigi Sturzo. Trentino became part of Italy following World War I, and De Gasperi served as a deputy in the Italian Parliament from 1921 to 1924. Hard work brought him a position of eminence, and when Don Sturzo was forced into exile in 1924, De Gasperi became general secretary of the party.
As Mussolini's hold on the Italian government grew stronger, the position of the party became ever more precarious, and in 1926 it was dissolved. De Gasperi was imprisoned but was released 3 years later when, amid the atmosphere of good feeling between Mussolini and the Vatican, the archbishop of Trent intervened on his behalf. De Gasperi found asylum and temporary peace in the Vatican, where he studied Catholic social doctrine.
During World War II De Gasperi became active in the underground and was one of the founders of the illegal Christian Democratic party (Democrazia Christiana). He also founded the newspaper Popolo. After the liberation of Italy in June 1944, he served as minister without portfolio and then as foreign minister; in December 1945 he became premier, a post he held until 1953. As chief of the Italian delegation at the World War II peace conference, he elicited concessions from the Allies that guaranteed Italian sovereignty.
After the formal end of the monarchy in June 1946, De Gasperi functioned as head of the Christian Democrats, the party that dominated Parliament for the next 8 years. As premier, he gave moderate guidance that kept a precarious balance, during this critical postwar period, between disparate elements within the party and the nation. By avoiding conflicts with the numerous Socialists and Communists, he managed with great delicacy to put Italian democracy on a firm foundation. Besides his successful negotiations with the Allied Powers, his most striking achievement in foreign policy was the agreement with Austria (September 1946) to establish the southern Tirol as an autonomous region.
When the Christian Democrats did not gain a majority in the elections of 1953, De Gasperi was unable to establish a workable Cabinet and was forced to resign as premier. The following year he also had to forgo the leadership of his party, and 2 months later, on Aug. 19, 1954, he died.
Further Reading
Sources on De Gasperi in English are scarce. Elisa A. Carrillo, Alcide de Gasperi: The Long Apprenticeship (1965), covers his early life through his entry into the Quirinale as premier. Consult Denis Mack Smith, Italy: A Modern History (1959), for the political picture. English translations of the works by Luigi Sturzo that are helpful are Church and State (1939), Italy and the Coming World (1945), and Italy and Fascism (1967). □
Gasperi, Alcide de
GASPERI, ALCIDE DE
Italian statesman; b. Pieve Tesino (Trentino), Austria-Hungary, April 3, 1881; d. Sella, Italy, Aug. 19, 1954. After receiving his secondary education in Trent, he studied in the University of Vienna (1900–05), where he specialized in philosophy and philology. While there he devoted much time to organizing Catholic students and workers and instilling in them the principles of Leo XIII's social encyclical rerum novarum. After graduation he edited Il Trentino and made it the journal of the Popular party, which advocated Catholic solutions to socioeconomic problems and autonomy for the Trentino region. De Gasperi was elected to the Austrian Reichsrat in 1911. During World War I he supervised relief activities in the camps peopled with Italians who had been expelled from the Trentino by the Austrian authorities.
After Italy annexed the Trentino (1919), De Gasperi joined the Popular party of Don sturzo and was elected to the Italian parliament (1921). As an opponent of fascism, De Gasperi was arrested and charged with clandestine attempts at expatriation (1927). He received a four-year prison sentence, but illness and royal intervention effected his release (1928). From 1929 until 1943 he worked in the vatican library, first as a cataloguer and later (1939–43) as the secretary of the library. In 1942 he revived the Popular party, which was known henceforth as the Christian Democratic party. He was premier of Italy (Dec. 1945 to July 1953), the first practicing Catholic to hold the post. Communists and left-wing Socialists were part of his coalition cabinets until June 1947, but they were excluded thereafter and membership was restricted mostly to his own party. As premier De Gasperi supported industrial and agrarian reforms, continuation of the Lateran Pacts, alliance with the West, and European unity. He is buried in Rome in the Church of S. Lorenzo.
Bibliography: a. de gasperi, I Cattolici dall'opposizione al governo (Bari 1955). i. giordani, Alcide De Gasperi (Milan 1955). g. andreotti, De Gasperi e il suo tempo (Milan 1956). e. a. carrillo, A. De Gasperi (Notre Dame, Ind. 1965).
[e. a. carrillo]