George Ripley

George Ripley (1802-1880), American clergyman and journalist, was a leader of the transcendentalist movement and a founder of the famous utopian community Brook Farm. He later became an able literary critic for the "New York Tribune."

George Ripley was born of Puritan ancestry on Oct. 3, 1802, in Greenfield, Mass., the son of a prosperous merchant. New England Congregationalism was bitterly divided in the years of his youth, and the Ripley family joined the Unitarian side. George attended Harvard College, where liberal religious views prevailed, and graduated at the head of his class in 1823. For 3 years he taught mathematics at Harvard and studied at the divinity school. In 1826 he was ordained minister of a new Unitarian church in Boston. In 1827 he married Sophia Willard Dana.

Ripley's years at Harvard had been years of what would now be called student unrest. Students found the instruction dry and unrelated to new romantic currents in European scholarship. They wanted more attention to the needs of mankind and less to inherited theological dogmas. By the mid-1830s Ripley was a recognized leader of the younger dissident ministers, some of whom were called transcendentalists. He wrote a series of brilliant attacks on conservatism in the Christian Register. He helped edit the Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature (1838), a 14-volume work translating into English many important Continental authors. The transcendentalists moved steadily from religious to literary interests, and in 1840 Ripley began to help edit their magazine, the Dial. In 1841 he resigned from the ministry.

In April 1841 Ripley became president of the Brook Farm Association; he and his wife were devoted to establishing a utopian community. The community, outside Boston, sought to combine hard work with intellectual growth. In 1845 the community began issuing a journal, the Harbinger, edited by Ripley. But a bad fire in 1846 debilitated the struggling community, and in August 1847 it disbanded, with Ripley assuming the debts.

Ripley moved to New York City, where he continued publishing the Harbinger for 2 years. In 1849 he became literary critic for the New York Tribune, establishing himself as one of the most influential arbiters of American taste. He helped found and edited Harper's New Monthly Magazine (1850) and the New American Cyclopaedia (1858-1863). His wife died in 1861, and 4 years later he married Louisa Schlossberger. Ripley died on July 4, 1880, while writing an editorial for Harper's.

Further Reading

A good scholarly biography is Charles R. Crowe, George Ripley: Transcendentalist and Utopian Socialist (1967). Octavius B. Frothingham, George Ripley (1882), is an affectionate memoir, less detailed and accurate but containing many letters by Ripley. A brilliant introduction to transcendentalist writings isPerry Miller, ed., The Transcendentalists (1950), which describes Ripley's role in the movement. William R. Hutchison, The Transcendentalist Ministers: Church Reform in the New England Renaissance (1959), is useful on the controversies within Unitarianism. A good approach to Brook Farm is through the documents in Henry W. Sams, ed., Autobiography of Brook Farm (1958).

Additional Sources

Golemba, Henry L., George Ripley, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977. □

Ripley, George (ca. 1415-1490)

British alchemist born in Ripley, Yorkshire, England, where his kinsfolk appear to have been powerful and numerous. He entered the Roman Catholic Church, became an Augustinian monk, and was subsequently appointed Canon of Bridlington in his native Yorkshire, a priory which had been founded in the time of Henry I by Walter de Ghent.

Ripley's priestly office did not prevent him from traveling, and he studied physical science and alchemy in France, Germany, and Italy, even voyaging as far as the island of Rhodes, where he is said to have made a large quantity of gold for the knights of St. John of Jerusalem.

Afterward he went to Rome, where he was dignified by the Pope, the result being that when he returned to Bridlington, he found his friends there intensely jealous of him. It was reported that he even resigned his position and retired to a priory at Boston, in Lincolnshire, but this story is probably unfounded, the likelihood being that Ripley the alchemist was confused with George Ripley, a Carmelite friar, who lived at Boston in the thirteenth century and wrote a biography of St. Botolph.

Ripley died in England in 1490, but his fame did not die with him; his name continued to be familiar for many years after his death. He was among the first to popularize the alchemical writings attributed to Raymond Lully, which first became known in England about 1445. An interest in alchemy was increasing steadily among English scholars at this time—the more so because the law against multiplying gold had lately been repealed.

Ripley wrote a number of learned treatises himself, notably Medulla Alchimioe, The Treatise of Mercury and The Compound of Alchemie (first printed 1591), the latter work dedicated to King Edward IV. A collected edition of his writings was issued at Kassel Germany in 1649.

Sources:

Ripley, George. The Compound of Alchemie. N.p., 1591.

——. Medulla Alchimioe. N.p., n.d.

——. The Treatise of Mercury. N.p., n.d.

Ripley Revived, or an Exposition upon George Ripley's Hermetico-Poetical Works. London, 1978.

Ripley, George (1802–80) US social reformer. In 1841 he established an experimental community, Brook Farm, in Massachusetts. It was based on a farming and handicraft economy, with communal ownership of property. After it failed (1847), he continued his advocacy of social reform as a writer and editor in The Harbinger and other publications.