Nâzım Hikmet (Nâzım Hikmet Ran) (näzĬm´ hēkmĕt´ rän), 1902–63, widely recognized as Turkey's foremost modern poet, b. Salonika, Ottoman Empire (now Thessaloníki, Greece), grad. Moscow State Univ. A dedicated, lifelong communist, he was imprisoned on political charges for years (1928–33; 1938–50), his work banned, and his citizenship revoked. He fled Turkey (1951) and lived mainly in Russia. His citizenship was finally restored in 2009, long after his death.

Hikmet revolutionized Turkish poetry in the 1930s by rejecting the literary conventions of the Ottoman Empire and introducing free verse and colloquial diction. His poetry is powerful, emotional, and humanistic, his oeuvre is voluminous and varied, and his verse has been extremely popular and influential. Among Hikmet's most acclaimed works are two long poems, Simnavna Kadısı Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin destani (1936; tr. The Epic of Sheik Bedreddin, 1998) concerning a religious revolutionary in 15th-century Anatolia, and Memleketimden insan manzaraları (1967; Human Landscapes from My Country, tr. 1982, rev. tr. 2002), a verse novel. He also wrote a number of plays, novels, and stories.

See his Beyond the Walls: Selected Poems (2002) and Poems of Nazim Hikmet (rev. ed. 2002); S. Goksu and E. Timms, Romantic Communist: The Life and Work of Nazim Hikmet (1999).

Nâzım Hikmet: see Nâzım Hikmet.