John Franklin Enders

The American virologist John Franklin Enders (1897-1985), a leader in modern virology, cultivated polio-virus in tissue cultures of human cells and developed an attenuated live vaccine for measles.

John Franklin Enders was born on Feb. 10, 1897, in West Hartford, Conn. After serving from 1917 to 1920 in the United States Naval Reserve Flying Corps, he achieved his undergraduate degree at Yale University. In 1922, he earned a master's degree in English at Harvard University. But before completing doctoral work he became attracted to the study of bacteriology under Hans Zinsser, with whom he developed methods of synthesizing anti-typhus vaccines. He was married to Sarah Bennett in 1927, with whom he had two children; she died in 1943. In 1930 he received his doctorate in microbiology. He then embarked upon a remarkable and productive career as a member of the faculty of Harvard Medical School. During World War II, he was a civilian consultant on epidemic diseases to the Secretary of War, and after 1945 was affiliated with the Civilian Commission on Virus and Rickettsial Disease until 1949. He became head of the Research Division of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital, Boston, in 1947. In 1951 he married again, this time to Carolyn Keane.

In the late 1930s Enders focused on virologic problems. His first major breakthrough was the development of techniques for detection of antibodies to mumps virus; he and others subsequently showed that the virus could be grown in chick embryos and tissue culture. On the basis of this work the immunology and epidemiology of mumps infection could be studied, a skin test was developed, and it was shown that the infection frequently was inapparent. Finally, the studies provided the basis for the development of preventive measures against the disease, which now include an attenuated live-virus vaccine.

While Enders and his colleagues, Dr. Frederick Robbins and Dr. Thomas Weller, were continuing the study of mumps and chicken-pox viruses, various types of human cells in culture were being used. Enders suggested that some of the cultures be inoculated with poliovirus, which at that time could be studied only with difficulty in a few species of expensive experimental animals. The poliovirus did propagate in one type of culture made up of cells which were not from the nervous system. This discovery, and the studies which it made possible, opened the way to a new era in poliovirus research, the most dramatic aspect of which was the possibility for development of poliovirus vaccines. For this work Enders, Robbins, and Weller were awarded theNobel Prize in 1954. From the Enders-Robbins-Weller technique, Dr. Jonas Salk was able to produce the first polio vaccine in 1953.

Enders began studies with another disease, measles. In 1954 he reported success in growing the virus in tissue culture and followed this by a model series of investigations that resulted in a measles vaccine in 1962. Turning his concern to cancer-related viruses in later years, he made important contributions to this field, particularly to studies of fusion of cells from different species as a means of altering cell susceptibility to viruses.

His significant contributions to many areas of virology brought him honors from all over the world, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, but Enders continued to devote himself to his laboratory and his students. Because of the breadth and incisiveness of his thought, many of his contributions were conceptual and definitive, representing major steps opening up whole new areas for further experimentation and extension of knowledge. Enders wrote close to 200 published papers between 1929 and 1970. In 1939 he co-authored Immunity, Principles and Application in Medicine and Public Health. But, while achieving wide recognition and public acclaim, Enders remained a "virologists' virologist." Towards the end of his life, he sought to apply his knowledge of immunology to the fight against AIDS, especially in trying to halt the progress of the disease during its incubation period in the human body. He died September 8, 1985, of heart failure, while at his home in Waterford, Connecticut.

Further Reading

A tribute to Enders can be found in the foreword to Perspectives in Virology VI (1968), which was dedicated to him. The foreword was written by Frederick C. Robbins, one of Enders's colleagues, with whom he shared the Nobel Prize. Theodore L. Sourkes, Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology, 1901-1965 (1953; rev. ed. 1967), includes a biography of Enders and a description of his work. A biography is also in the Nobel Foundation, Physiology or Medicine: Nobel Lectures, Including Presentation Speeches and Laureates' Biographies (3 vols., 1964-1967). Information on his work is in any review of the literature of medical virology and in virology textbooks. □

Enders, John Franklin

John Franklin Enders (1897-1985) was born in Connecticut and graduated from Yale University in 1920. After beginning a career as a real estate agent, Enders decided that business was not for him. He enrolled at Harvard University, completing a master's degree in English literature. While pursuing further graduate studies, a roommate introduced him to Hans Zinsser (1878-1940), a well-known microbiologist who was head of Harvard's Department of Bacteriology and Immunology. Zinsser's enthusiasm for scientific pursuits was so contagious that Enders abandoned his liberal arts studies in favor of medical research.

After receiving a doctorate from Harvard in 1930, Enders began research on how the immune system fights bacterial disease. In 1937, however, he became intrigued with the problem of viruses, a much smaller microorganism. During this time, the study of viruses was restricted by microscopes not powerful enough to see these small organisms, and by the fact that viruses can grow only in live tissue. The live tissue problem led Enders to work in the improving tissue culture techniques to provide material for vaccines.

World War II (1939-1945) interrupted his work. By 1947, however, Enders, Thomas Weller and Frederick C. Robbins, (Weller's medical school roommate) were at Children's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, growing the mumps virus in cultures of chicken cells. Weller had been working on chicken pox viruses while Robbins was trying to isolate the virus that causes infantile epidemic diarrhea. Together, this team developed better tissue cultures for mumps, chicken pox, polio viruses.

Techniques the three researchers developed for the growing polio virus were essential to the later development of the life-saving vaccines of Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin. For this innovation, Enders, Weller and Robbins received the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1954. Enders continued working in the area of virus cultures and successfully grew the measles virus which was used in the first measles vaccine. After retirement from Harvard, Enders kept an active interest in virology and at the time of his death was studying the AIDS virus.

John Franklin Enders

1897-1985

American microbiologist who shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine with F. C. Robbins and T. H. Weller for their discovery that the virus which causes polio can be grown in a test tube (in vitro) on various tissues. This discovery allowed for the mass production of a successful polio vaccine. He also cultivated the measles virus in 1954 and developed a vaccine for measles in 1962.