Commandments, The 613

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COMMANDMENTS, THE 613

COMMANDMENTS, THE 613 (Heb. תַּרְיַ״ג מִצְווֹת, taryag mitzvot). The total number of biblical commandments (precepts and prohibitions) is given in rabbinic tradition as 613. R. Simlai, a Palestinian teacher, states: "613 commandments were revealed to Moses at Sinai, 365 being prohibitions equal in number to the solar days, and 248 being mandates corresponding in number to the limbs of the human body" (Mak. 23b). (See the table "613 Commandments.") The number 613 usually known by the Hebrew mnemonic, תַּרְיַ״ג (Ta-RYa-G – ג = 3 ,10 = י ,200 = ר ,400 = ת), is found as early as tannaitic times in the sayings of Simeon b. Eleazar (Mekh. Yitro, Ba-Ḥodesh, 5, only in ed. by I.H. Weiss (1865), 74 [75a]), Simeon b. Azzai (Sif. Deut 76 where the 365 prohibitions are mentioned), and Eleazar b. Yose the Galilean (Mid. Hag. to Gen. 15:1) and is apparently based upon an ancient tradition (see Tanh. B.,

MANDATORY COMMANDMENTS
	God
1. Ex. 20:2 3. Deut. 6:5 4. Deut. 6:13 6. Deut. 10:20 7. Deut. 10:20 9. Lev. 22:32	The Jew is required to ¹believe that God exists and to ²acknowledge His unity; to ³love, ⁴fear, and ⁵serve Him. He is also commanded to ⁶cleave to Him (by associating with and imitating the wise) and to ⁷swear only by His name. One must ⁸imitate God and ⁹sanctify His name.	2. Deut. 6:4 5. Ex. 23:25; Deut. 11:13 (Deut. 6:13 and also 13:5) 8. Deut. 28:9
	Torah
10. Deut. 6:7 11. Deut. 6:7 12. Deut. 6:8 13. Deut. 6:8 16. Deut. 31:12 17. Deut. 17:18 18. Deut. 31:19	The Jew must ¹⁰recite the Shema each morning and evening and ¹¹study the Torah and teach it to others. He should bind tefillin on his ¹²head and ¹³his arm. He should make ¹⁴ẓiẓit for his garments and ¹⁵fix a mezuzah on the door. The people are to be ¹⁶assembled every seventh year to hear the Torah read and ¹⁷the king must write a special copy of the Torah for himself. ¹⁸Every Jew should have a Torah scroll. One should ¹⁹praise God after eating.	14. Num. 15:38 15. Deut. 6:9 19. Deut. 8:10.
	Temple and the Priests
20. Ex. 25:8 22. Num. 18:4 24. Ex. 30:19 25. Ex. 27:21 26. Num. 6:23 30. Lev. 6:3 31. Num. 5:2 33. Ex. 28:2 34. Num. 7:9 35. Ex. 30:31	The Jews should ²⁰build a Temple and ²¹respect it. It must be ²²guarded at all times and the ²³Levites should perform their special duties in it. Before entering the Temple or participating in its service, the priests ²⁴must wash their hands and feet; they must also ²⁵light the candelabrum daily. The priests are required to ²⁶bless Israel and to ²⁷set the shewbread and frankincense before the Ark. Twice daily they must ²⁸burn the incense on the golden altar. Fire shall be kept burning on the altar ²⁹continually and the ashes should be ³⁰removed daily. Ritually unclean persons must be ³¹kept out of the Temple. Israel ³²should honor its priests, who must be ³³dressed in special priestly raiment. The priests should ³⁴carry the Ark on their shoulders, and the holy anointing oil ³⁵must be prepared according to its special formula. The priestly families should officiate in ³⁶rotation. In honor of certain dead close relatives, the priests should ³⁷make themselves ritually unclean. The high priest may marry ³⁸only a virgin.	21. Lev. 19:30 23. Num. 18:23 27. Ex. 25:30 28. Ex. 30:7 29. Lev. 6:6 32. Lev. 21:8 36. Deut. 18:6–8 37. Lev. 21:2–3 38. Lev. 21:13
	Sacrifices
39. Num. 28:3 41. Num. 28:9 43. Lev. 23:36 44. Lev. 23:10 46. Lev. 23:17 49. Lev. 16 50. Num. 29:13 51. Num. 29:36	The ³⁹tamid sacrifice must be offered twice daily and the ⁴⁰high priest must also offer a meal-offering twice daily. An additional sacrifice (musaf) should be offered ⁴¹every Sabbath, ⁴²on the first of every month, and ⁴³on each of the seven days of Passover. On the second day of Passover ⁴⁴a meal offering of the first barley must also be brought. On Shavuot a ⁴⁵musaf must be offered and ⁴⁶two loaves of bread as a wave offering. The additional sacrifice must also be made on ⁴⁷Rosh Ha-Shanah and ⁴⁸on the Day of Atonement when the ⁴⁹Avodah must also be performed. On every day of the festival of ⁵⁰Sukkot a musaf must be brought as well as on the ⁵¹eighth day thereof. Every male Jew should make a ⁵²pilgrimage to the Temple three times	40. Lev. 6:13 42. Num. 28:11 45. Num. 28:26–27 47. Num. 29:1–2 48. Num. 29:7–8 52. Ex. 23:14

53. Ex. 34:23 Deut. 16:16 55. Ex. 12:6 56. Ex. 12:8 57. Num. 9:11 59. Num. 10:10; Num. 10:9. 60. Lev. 22:27 62. Lev. 2:13 64. Lev. 6:18 66. Lev. 3:1 68. Lev. 4:13 69. Lev. 4:27 70. Lev. 5:17–18 71. Lev. 5:15, 21–25; 19:20–21 73. Num. 5:6–7 74. Lev. 15:13–15 76. Lev. 12:6 78. Lev. 27:32 80. Ex. 22:28; Num. 18:15 83. Deut. 12:5–5 84. Deut. 12:14 85. Deut. 12:26 86. Deut. 12:15 87. Lev. 27:33 89. Ex. 29:33 91. Lev. 7:17	a year and ⁵³appear there during the three pilgrim Festivals. One should ⁵⁴rejoice on the Festivals. On the 14^th of Nisan one should ⁵⁵slaughter the paschal lamb and ⁵⁶eat of its roasted flesh on the night of the 15^th. Those who were ritually impure in Nisan should slaughter the paschal lamb on ⁵⁷the 14^th of Iyyar and eat it with ⁵⁸maẓẓah and bitter herbs. Trumpets should be ⁵⁹sounded when the festive sacrifices are brought and also in times of tribulation. Cattle to be sacrificed must be ⁶⁰at least eight days old and ⁶¹without blemish. All offerings must be ⁶²salted. It is a mitzvah to perform the ritual of ⁶³the burnt offering, ⁶⁴the sin offering, ⁶⁵the guilt offering, ⁶⁶the peace offering, and ⁶⁷the meal offering. Should the Sanhedrin err in a decision, its members ⁶⁸must bring a sin offering which offering must also be brought ⁶⁹by a person who has unwittingly transgressed a karet prohibition (i.e., one which, if done deliberately, would incur karet). When in doubt as to whether one has transgressed such a prohibition, a ⁷⁰"suspensive" guilt offering must be brought. For ⁷¹stealing or swearing falsely and for other sins of a like nature, a guilt offering must be brought. In special circumstances the sin offering ⁷²can be according to one's means. One must ⁷³confess one's sins before God and repent for them. A ⁷⁴man or ⁷⁵a woman who has a seminal issue must bring a sacrifice; a woman must also bring a sacrifice ⁷⁶after childbirth. A leper must ⁷⁷bring a sacrifice after he has been cleansed. One must ⁷⁸tithe one's cattle. The ⁷⁹firstborn of clean (i.e., permitted) cattle are holy and must be sacrificed. The firstborn of man must be ⁸⁰redeemed. The firstborn of the ass must be ⁸¹redeemed; if not, ⁸²its neck has to be broken. Animals set aside as offerings ⁸³must be brought to Jerusalem without delay and ⁸⁴may be sacrificed only in the Temple. Offerings from outside the land of Israel ⁸⁵may also be brought to the Temple. Sanctified animals ⁸⁶which have become blemished must be redeemed. A beast exchanged for an offering ⁸⁷is also holy. The priests should eat ⁸⁸the remainder of the meal offering and ⁸⁹the flesh of sin and guilt offerings; but consecrated flesh which has become ⁹⁰ritually unclean or ⁹¹which was not eaten within its appointed time must be burned.	54. Deut. 16:14 58. Num. 9:11; Ex. 12:8 61. Lev. 22:21 63. Lev. 1:2 65. Lev. 7:1 67. Lev. 2:1; 6:7 72. Lev. 5:1–11 75. Lev. 15:28–29 77. Lev. 14:10 79. Ex. 13:2 81. Ex. 34:20 82. Ex. 13:13 88. Lev. 6:9 90. Lev. 7:19
	Vows
92. Num. 6:5 93. Num. 6:18 94. Deut. 23:24	A Nazirite must ⁹²let his hair grow during the period of his separation. When that period is over, he must ⁹³shave his head and bring his sacrifice. A man must ⁹⁴honor his vows and his oaths which a judge can ⁹⁵annul only in accordance with the law.	95. Num. 30:3.
	Ritual Purity
96. Lev. 11:8, and 24 98. Lev. 11:34 100. Lev. 12:2 101. Lev. 13:3	Anyone who touches ⁹⁶a carcass or ⁹⁷one of the eight species of reptiles becomes ritually unclean; food becomes unclean by ⁹⁸coming into contact with a ritually unclean object. Menstruous women ⁹⁹and those ¹⁰⁰bedridden after childbirth are ritually impure. A ¹⁰¹leper, ¹⁰²a leprous garment, and ¹⁰³a leprous house are all ritually unclean. A man having	97. Lev. 11:29–31 99. Lev. 15:19 102. Lev. 13:51 103. Lev. 14:44

105. Lev. 15:16 106. Lev. 15:19 107. Num. 19:14 109. Lev. 15:16 110. Lev. 14:2 113. Num. 19:2–9	¹⁰⁴a running issue is unclean, as is ¹⁰⁵semen. A woman suffering from ¹⁰⁶running issue is also impure. A ¹⁰⁷human corpse is ritually unclean. The purification water (mei niddah) purifies ¹⁰⁸the unclean, but it makes the clean ritually impure. It is a mitzvah to become ritually clean ¹⁰⁹by ritual immersion. To become cleansed of leprosy, one ¹¹⁰must follow the specified procedure and also ¹¹¹shave off all of one's hair. Until cleansed, the leper ¹¹²must be bareheaded with clothing in disarray so as to be easily distinguishable. The ashes of ¹¹³the red heifer are to be used in the process of ritual purification.	104. Lev. 15:2 108. Num. 19:13, 21 111. Lev. 14:9 112. Lev. 13:45
	Donations to the Temple
114. Lev. 27:2–8 116. Lev. 27:14 118. Lev. 5:16 119. Lev. 19:24 121. Lev. 19:9 124. Lev. 19:10 125. Ex. 23:19 127. Lev. 27:30; Num. 18:24 130. Deut. 14:28 131. Deut. 26:13 133. Num. 15:20	If a person ¹¹⁴undertakes to give his own value to the Temple, he must do so. Should a man declare ¹¹⁵an unclean beast, ¹¹⁶a house, or ¹¹⁷a field as a donation to the Temple, he must give their value in money as fixed by the priest. If one unwittingly derives benefit from Temple property, ¹¹⁸full restitution plus a fifth must be made. The fruit of ¹¹⁹the fourth year's growth of trees is holy and may be eaten only in Jerusalem. When you reap your fields, you must leave ¹²⁰the corners, ¹²¹the gleanings, ¹²²the forgotten sheaves, ¹²³the misformed bunches of grapes, and ¹²⁴the gleanings of the grapes for the poor. The first fruits must be ¹²⁵separated and brought to the Temple and you must also ¹²⁶separate the great heave offering (terumah) and give it to the priests. You must give ¹²⁷one tithe of your produce to the Levites and separate ¹²⁸a second tithe which is to be eaten only in Jerusalem. The Levites ¹²⁹must give a tenth of their tithe to the priests. In the third and sixth years of the seven-year cycle, you should ¹³⁰separate a tithe for the poor instead of the second tithe. A declaration ¹³¹must be recited when separating the various tithes and ¹³²when bringing the first fruits to the Temple. The first portion of the ¹³³dough must be given to the priest.	115. Lev. 27:11–12 117. Lev. 27:16, 22–23 120. Lev. 19:9 122. Deut. 24:19 123. Lev. 19:10 126. Deut. 18:4 128. Deut. 14:22 129. Num. 18:26 132. Deut. 26:5
	The Sabbatical Year
134. Ex. 23:11 135. Ex. 34:21 136. Lev. 25:10 139. Lev. 25:29–30 140. Lev. 25:8. 141. Deut. 15:3	In the seventh year (shemittah) everything that grows is ¹³⁴ownerless and available to all; the fields ¹³⁵must lie fallow and you may not till the ground. You must ¹³⁶sanctify the Jubilee year (50^th) and on the Day of Atonement in that year ¹³⁷you must sound the shofar and set all Hebrew slaves free. In the Jubilee year all land is to be ¹³⁸returned to its ancestral owners and, generally, in a walled city ¹³⁹the seller has the right to buy back a house within a year of its sale. Starting from entry into the land of Israel, the years of the Jubilee must be ¹⁴⁰counted and announced yearly and septennially. In the seventh year ¹⁴¹all debts are annulled but ¹⁴²one may exact a debt owed by a foreigner.	137. Lev. 25:9 138. Lev. 25:24 142. Deut. 15:3
	Concerning Animals for Consumption
145. Lev. 27:21, 28 146. Deut. 12:21	When you slaughter an animal, you must ¹⁴³give the priest his share as you must also give him ¹⁴⁴the first of the fleece. When a man makes a ḥerem (a special vow), you must ¹⁴⁵distinguish between that which belongs to the Temple (i.e., when God's name was mentioned in the vow) and between that which goes to the priests. To be fit for consumption, beast and fowl must be ¹⁴⁶slaughtered according to the	143. Deut. 18:3 144. Deut. 18:4

148. Deut. 22:7 150. Deut. 14:11	law, and if they are not of a domesticated species, ¹⁴⁷their blood must be covered with earth after slaughter. Set the parent bird ¹⁴⁸free when taking the nest. Examine ¹⁴⁹beast, ¹⁵⁰fowl, ¹⁵¹locusts, and ¹⁵²fish to determine whether they are permitted for consumption.	147. Lev. 17:13. 149. Lev. 11:2 151. Lev. 11:21 152. Lev. 11:9
	Festivals
153. Ex. 12:2 Deut. 16:1 156. Ex. 12:15 157. Ex. 13:8 159. Ex. 12:16 161. Lev. 23:35 162. Lev. 23 164. Lev. 16:29 166. Lev. 23:35 169. Lev. 23:40	The Sanhedrin should ¹⁵³sanctify the first day of every month and reckon the years and the seasons. You must ¹⁵⁴rest on the Sabbath day and ¹⁵⁵declare it holy at its onset and termination. On the 14^thof Nisan ¹⁵⁶remove all leaven from your ownership and on the night of the 15^th¹⁵⁷relate the story of the exodus from Egypt; on that night ¹⁵⁸you must also eat maẓẓah. On the ¹⁵⁹first and ¹⁶⁰seventh days of Passover you must rest. Starting from the day of the first sheaf (16^thof Nisan), you shall ¹⁶¹count 49 days. You must rest on ¹⁶²Shavuot and on ¹⁶³Rosh Ha-Shanah; on the Day of Atonement you must ¹⁶⁴fast and ¹⁶⁵rest. You must also rest on ¹⁶⁶the first and ¹⁶⁷the eighth day of Sukkot during which festival you shall ¹⁶⁸dwell in booths and ¹⁶⁹take the four species. On Rosh Ha-Shanah ¹⁷⁰you are to hear the sound of the shofar.	154. Ex. 23:12 155. Ex. 20:8 158. Ex. 12:18 160. Ex. 12:16 163. Lev. 23:24 165. Lev. 16:29, 31 167. Lev. 23:36 168. Lev. 23:42 170. Num. 29:1
	Community
171. Ex. 30:12–13 172. Deut. 18:15 175. Ex. 23:2 176. Deut. 16:18 180. Deut. 19:19 181. Deut. 21:4 183. Num. 35:2	Every male should ¹⁷¹give half a shekel to the Temple annually. You must ¹⁷²obey a prophet and ¹⁷³appoint a king. You must also ¹⁷⁴obey the Sanhedrin; in the case of division, ¹⁷⁵yield to the majority. Judges and officials shall be ¹⁷⁶appointed in every town and they shall judge the people ¹⁷⁷impartially. Whoever is aware of evidence ¹⁷⁸must come to court to testify. Witnesses shall be ¹⁷⁹examined thoroughly and, if found to be false, ¹⁸⁰shall have done to them what they intended to do to the accused. When a person is found murdered and the murderer is unknown, the ritual of ¹⁸¹decapitating the heifer must be performed. Six cities of refuge should be ¹⁸²established. The Levites, who have no ancestral share in the land, shall ¹⁸³be given cities to live in. You must ¹⁸⁴build a fence around your roof and remove potential hazards from your home.	173. Deut. 17:15 174. Deut. 17:11 177. Lev. 19:15 178. Lev. 5:1 179. Deut. 13:15 182. Deut. 19:3 184. Deut. 22:8
	Idolatry
186. Deut. 13:17 187. Deut. 20:17	Idolatry and its appurtenances ¹⁸⁵must be destroyed, and a city which has become perverted must be ¹⁸⁶treated according to the law. You are commanded to ¹⁸⁷destroy the seven Canaanite nations, and ¹⁸⁸to blot out the memory of Amalek, and ¹⁸⁹to remember what they did to Israel.	185. Deut. 12:2; 7:5 188. Deut. 25:19 189. Deut. 25:17
	War
190. Deut. 20:11–12 191. Deut. 20:2 193. Deut. 23:14	The regulations for wars other than those commanded in the Torah ¹⁹⁰are to be observed and a priest should be ¹⁹¹appointed for special duties in times of war. The military camp must be ¹⁹²kept in a sanitary condition. To this end, every soldier must be ¹⁹³equipped with the necessary implements.	192. Deut. 23:14–15
	Social
194. Lev. 5:23 196. Deut. 15:14 197. Ex. 22:24	Stolen property must be ¹⁹⁴restored to its owner. Give ¹⁹⁵charity to the poor. When a Hebrew slave goes free, the owner must ¹⁹⁶give him gifts. Lend to ¹⁹⁷the poor without interest; to the foreigner you may ¹⁹⁸lend at	195. Deut. 15:8; Lev. 25:35–36 198. Deut. 23:21

200. Deut. 24:15 201. Deut. 23:25–26 203. Deut. 22:4 205. Lev. 19:17 206. Lev. 19:18 208. Lev. 19:36	interest. Restore ¹⁹⁹a pledge to its owner if he needs it. Pay the worker his wages ²⁰⁰on time; ²⁰¹permit him to eat of the produce with which he is working. You must ²⁰²help unload an animal when necessary, and also ²⁰³help load man or beast. Lost property ²⁰⁴must be restored to its owner. You are required ²⁰⁵to reprove the sinner but you must ²⁰⁶love your fellow as yourself. You are commanded ²⁰⁷to love the proselyte. Your weights and measures ²⁰⁸must be accurate.	199. Deut. 24:13; Ex. 22:25 202. Ex. 23:5 204. Deut. 22:1; Ex. 23:4 207. Deut. 10:19
	Family
209. Lev. 19:32 212. Gen. 1:28 213. Deut. 24:1 214. Deut. 24:5 215. Gen. 17:10; Lev. 12:3 217. Deut. 25:9 218. Deut. 22:29 219. Deut. 22:18–19 220. Ex. 22:15–23 222. Deut. 24:1	Respect the ²⁰⁹wise; ²¹⁰honor and ²¹¹fear your parents. You should ²¹²perpetuate the human race by marrying ²¹³according to the law. A bridegroom is to ²¹⁴rejoice with his bride for one year. Male children must ²¹⁵be circumcised. Should a man die childless, his brother must either ²¹⁶marry his widow or ²¹⁷release her (halizah). He who violates a virgin must ²¹⁸marry her and may never divorce her. If a man unjustly accuses his wife of premarital promiscuity, ²¹⁹he shall be flogged, and may never divorce her. The seducer ²²⁰must be punished according to the law. The female captive must be ²²¹treated in accordance with her special regulations. Divorce can be executed ²²²only by means of a written document. A woman suspected of adultery ²²³has to submit to the required test.	210. Ex. 20:12 211. Lev. 19:3 216. Deut. 25:5 221. Deut. 21:11 223. Num. 5:15–2.7
	Judicial
224. Deut. 25:2 226. Ex. 21:20 227. Ex. 21:16 230. Deut. 21:22	When required by the law, ²²⁴you must administer the punishment of flogging and you must ²²⁵exile the unwitting homicide. Capital punishment shall be by ²²⁶the sword, ²²⁷strangulation, ²²⁸fire, or ²²⁹stoning, as specified. In some cases the body of the executed ²³⁰shall be hanged, but it ²³¹must be brought to burial the same day.	225. Num. 35:25 228. Lev. 20:14 229. Deut. 22:24 231. Deut. 21:23
	Slaves
232. Ex. 21:2 234. Ex. 21:8 235. Lev. 25:46	Hebrew slaves ²³²must be treated according to the special laws for them. The master should ²³³marry his Hebrew maidservant or ²³⁴redeem her. The alien slave ²³⁵must be treated according to the regulations applying to him.	233. Ex. 21:8
	Torts
236. Ex. 21:18 237. Ex. 21:28 240. Ex. 22:4 242. Ex. 22:6–8 243. Ex. 22:9–12 245. Lev. 25:14 246. Ex. 22:8	The applicable law must be administered in the case of injury caused by ²³⁶a person, ²³⁷an animal, or ²³⁸a pit. Thieves ²³⁹must be punished. You must render judgment in cases of ²⁴⁰trespass by cattle, ²⁴¹arson, ²⁴²embezzlement by an unpaid guardian and in claims against ²⁴³a paid guardian, a hirer, or ²⁴⁴a borrower. Judgment must also be rendered in disputes arising out of ²⁴⁵sales, ²⁴⁸inheritance, and ²⁴⁶other matters generally. You are required to ²⁴⁷rescue the persecuted even if it means killing his oppressor.	238. Ex. 21:33–34 239. Ex. 21:37–22:3 241. Ex. 22:5 244. Ex. 22:13 248. Num. 27:8 247. Deut. 25:12
PROHIBITIONS
	Idolatry and Related Practices
1. Ex. 20:3 2. Ex. 20:4 4. Ex. 20:20	It is ¹forbidden to believe in the existence of any but the One God. You may not make images ²for yourself or ³for others to worship or for ⁴any other purpose. You must not worship anything but God either	3. Lev. 19:4

5. Ex. 20:5 7. Lev. 18:21 8. Lev. 19:31 10. Lev. 19:4 11. Deut. 16:22 13. Deut. 16:21 14. Ex. 23:13 15. Ex. 23:13 17. Deut. 13:9 18. Deut. 13:9 21. Deut. 13:9 22. Deut. 7:25 24. Deut. 13:18 26. Deut. 18:20 27. Deut. 18:20 29. Deut. 18:22 30. Lev. 20:23 33. Deut. 18:10–11 34. Deut. 18:10–11 35. Deut. 18:10–11 37. Deut. 18:10–11 40. Deut. 22:5 42. Deut. 22:11 45. Deut. 16:1; Deut. 14:1; 45. also Lev. 19:28	in ⁵the manner prescribed for His worship or ⁶in its own manner of worship. Do not ⁷sacrifice children to Molech. You may not ⁸practice necromancy or ⁹resort to "familiar spirits"; neither should you take idolatry or its mythology ¹⁰seriously. It is forbidden to construct a ¹¹pillar or ¹²dais even for the worship of God or to ¹³plant trees in the Temple. You may not ¹⁴swear by idols or instigate an idolator to do so, nor may you encourage or persuade any ¹⁵non-Jew or ¹⁶Jew to worship idols. You must not ¹⁷listen to or love anyone who disseminates idolatry nor ¹⁸should you withhold yourself from hating him. Do not ¹⁹pity such a person. If somebody tries to convert you to idolatry, ²⁰do not defend him or ²¹conceal the fact. It is forbidden to ²²derive any benefit from the ornaments of idols. You may not ²³rebuild that which has been destroyed as a punishment for idolatry nor may you ²⁴have any benefit from its wealth. Do not ²⁵use anything connected with idols or idolatry. It is forbidden ²⁶to prophesy in the name of idols or prophesy ²⁷falsely in the name of God. Do not ²⁸listen to the one who prophesies for idols and do not ²⁹fear the false prophet or hinder his execution. You must not ³⁰imitate the ways of idolators or practice their customs; ³¹divination, ³²soothsaying, ³³enchanting, ³⁴sorcery, ³⁵charming, ³⁶consulting ghosts or ³⁷familiar spirits, and ³⁸necromancy are forbidden. Women must not ³⁹wear male clothing nor men ⁴⁰that of women. Do not ⁴¹tattoo yourself in the manner of the idolators. You may not wear ⁴²garments made of both wool and linen nor may you shave (with a razor) the sides of ⁴³your head or ⁴⁴your beard. Do not ⁴⁵lacerate yourself over your dead.	6. Ex. 20:5 9. Lev. 19:31 12. Lev. 20:1 16. Deut. 13:12 19. Deut. 13:9 20. Deut. 13:9 23. Deut. 13:17 25. Deut. 7:26 28. Deut. 13:3, 4; Deut. 13:4 31. Lev. 19:26; Deut. 18:10 32. Deut. 18:10 36. Deut. 18:10–11 38. Deut. 18:10–11 39. Deut. 22:5 41. Lev. 19:28 43. Lev. 19:27 44. Lev. 19:27
	Prohibitions Resulting from Historical Events
46. Deut. 17:16 47. Num. 15:39 49. Deut. 20:16 50. Deut. 7:2 52. Deut. 7:3 55. Deut. 23:8 57. Deut. 20:19 58. Deut. 7:21	It is forbidden to return to Egypt to ⁴⁶dwell there permanently or to ⁴⁷indulge in impure thoughts or sights. You may not ⁴⁸make a pact with the seven Canaanite nations or ⁴⁹save the life of any member of them. Do not ⁵⁰show mercy to idolators, ⁵¹permit them to dwell in the land of Israel, or ⁵²intermarry with them. A Jewess may not ⁵³marry an Ammonite or Moabite even if he converts to Judaism but should not refuse (for reasons of genealogy alone) ⁵⁴a descendant of Esau or ⁵⁵an Egyptian who are proselytes. It is prohibited to ⁵⁶make peace with the Ammonite or Moabite nations. The ⁵⁷destruction of fruit trees even in times of war is forbidden as is wanton waste at any time. Do not ⁵⁸fear the enemy and do not ⁵⁹forget the evil done by Amalek.	48. Ex. 23:32; Deut. 7:2 51. Ex. 23:33 53. Deut. 23:4 54. Deut. 23:8 56. Deut. 23:7 59. Deut. 25:19
	Blasphemy
60. Lev. 24:16; rather Ex. 22:27 62. Ex. 20:7 64. Deut. 6:16 65. Deut. 12:4	You must not ⁶⁰blaspheme the Holy Name, ⁶¹break an oath made by It, ⁶²take It in vain or ⁶³profane It. Do not ⁶⁴try the Lord God. You may not ⁶⁵erase God's name from the holy texts or destroy institutions devoted to His worship. Do not ⁶⁶allow the body of of one hanged to remain so overnight.	61. Lev. 19:12 63. Lev. 22:32 66. Deut. 21:23

	Temple
67. Num. 18:5 68. Lev. 16:2 69. Lev. 21:23 71. Lev. 21:18 74. Num. 18:4 77. Num. 5:3 80. Ex. 20:26 83. Ex. 30:32 84. Ex. 30:32 85. Ex. 30:37 86. Ex. 25:15 88. Ex. 28:32	Be not ⁶⁷lax in guarding the Temple. The high priest must not enter the Temple ⁶⁸indiscriminately; a priest with a physical blemish may not ⁶⁹enter there at all or ⁷⁰serve in the sanctuary, and even if the blemish is of a temporary nature, he may not ⁷¹participate in the service there until it has passed. The Levites and the priests must not ⁷²interchange in their functions. Intoxicated persons may not ⁷³enter the sanctuary or teach the Law. It is forbidden for ⁷⁴non-priests, ⁷⁵unclean priests, or ⁷⁶priests who have performed the necessary ablution but are still within the time limit of their uncleanness to serve in the Temple. No unclean person may enter ⁷⁷the Temple or ⁷⁸the Temple Mount. The altar must not be made of ⁷⁹hewn stones nor may the ascent to it be by ⁸⁰steps. The fire on it may not be ⁸¹extinguished nor may any other but the specified incense be ⁸²burned on the golden altar. You may not ⁸³manufacture oil with the same ingredients and in the same proportions as the anointing oil which itself ⁸⁴may not be misused. Neither may you ⁸⁵compound incense with the same ingredients and in the same proportions as that burned on the altar. You must not ⁸⁶remove the staves from the Ark, ⁸⁷remove the breastplate from the eTBLd, or ⁸⁸make any incision in the upper garment of the high priest.	70. Lev. 21:17 72. Num. 18:3 73. Lev. 10:9–11 75. Lev. 22:2 76. Lev. 21:6 78. Deut. 23:11 79. Ex. 20:25 81. Lev. 6:6 82. Ex. 30:9 87. Ex. 28:28
	Sacrifices
89. Deut. 12:13 91. Lev. 22:20 94. Lev. 22:22 95. Deut. 17:1 97. Lev. 22:21 98. Lev. 2:11 99. Lev. 2:13 100. Deut. 23:19 101. Lev. 22:28 102. Lev. 5:11 104. Num. 5:15 107. Lev. 27:26 108. Num. 18:17 109. Lev. 27:33 111. Lev. 27:28 112. Lev. 5:8 113. Deut. 15:19 115. Ex. 34:25 116. Ex. 23:10 117. Ex. 12:10 118. Deut. 16:4 120. Lev. 22:30 121. Ex. 12:46 124. Lev. 6:10	It is forbidden to ⁸⁹offer sacrifices or ⁹⁰slaughter consecrated animals outside the Temple. You may not ⁹¹sanctify, ⁹²slaughter, ⁹³sprinkle the blood of, or ⁹⁴burn the inner parts of a blemished animal even if the blemish is ⁹⁵of a temporary nature and even if it is ⁹⁶offered by Gentiles. It is forbidden to ⁹⁷inflict a blemish on an animal consecrated for sacrifice. Leaven or honey may not ⁹⁸be offered on the altar, neither may ⁹⁹anything unsalted. An animal received as the hire of a harlot or as the price of a dog ¹⁰⁰may not be offered. Do not ¹⁰¹kill an animal and its young on the same day. It is forbidden to use ¹⁰²olive oil or ¹⁰³frankincense in the sin offering or ^104,105in the jealousy offering (sotah). You may not ¹⁰⁶substitute sacrifices even ¹⁰⁷from one category to the other. You may not ¹⁰⁸redeem the firstborn of permitted animals. It is forbidden to ¹⁰⁹sell the tithe of the herd or ¹¹⁰sell or ¹¹¹redeem a field consecrated by the herem vow. When you slaughter a bird for a sin offering, you may not ¹¹²split its head. It is forbidden to ¹¹³work with or ¹¹⁴to shear a consecrated animal. You must not slaughter the paschal lamb ¹¹⁵while there is still leaven about; nor may you leave overnight ¹¹⁶those parts that are to be offered up or ¹¹⁷to be eaten. You may not leave any part of the festive offering ¹¹⁸until the third day or any part of ¹¹⁹the second paschal lamb or ¹²⁰the thanksgiving offering until the morning. It is forbidden to break a bone of ¹²¹the first or ¹²²the second paschal lamb or ¹²³to carry their flesh out of the house where it is being eaten. You must not ¹²⁴allow the remains of the meal offering to become	90. Lev. 17:3–4 92. Lev. 22:22 93. Lev. 22:24 96. Lev. 22:25 103. Lev. 5:11 105. Num. 5:15 106. Lev. 27:10 110. Lev. 27:28 114. Deut. 15:19 119. Num. 9:13 122. Num. 9:12 123. Ex. 12:46

125. Ex. 12:9 126. Ex. 12:45 130. Lev. 7:19 131. Lev. 19:6–8 133. Lev. 22:10 136. Lev. 22:4 137. Lev. 22:12 139. Lev. 6:23 140. Deut. 14:3 141. Deut. 12:17 143. Deut. 12:17 146. Deut. 12:17 147. Deut. 12:17 150. Deut. 26:14 152. Deut. 26:14 153. Lev. 22:15 155. Deut. 23:22 157. Num. 30:3	leaven. It is also forbidden to eat the paschal lamb ¹²⁵raw or sodden or to allow ¹²⁶an alien resident, ¹²⁷an uncircumcised person, or an ¹²⁸apostate to eat of it. A ritually unclean person ¹²⁹must not eat of holy things nor may ¹³⁰holy things which have become unclean be eaten. Sacrificial meat ¹³¹which is left after the time-limit or ¹³²which was slaughtered with wrong intentions must not be eaten. The heave offering must not be eaten by ¹³³a non-priest, ¹³⁴a priest's sojourner or hired worker, ¹³⁵an uncircumcised person, or ¹³⁶an unclean priest. The daughter of a priest who is married to a non-priest may not ¹³⁷eat of holy things. The meal offering of the priest ¹³⁸must not be eaten, neither may ¹³⁹the flesh of the sin offerings sacrificed within the sanctuary or ¹⁴⁰consecrated animals which have become blemished. You may not eat the second tithe of ¹⁴¹corn, ¹⁴²wine, or ¹⁴³oil or ¹⁴⁴unblemished firstlings outside Jerusalem. The priests may not eat the ¹⁴⁵sin-offerings or the trespass-offerings outside the Temple courts or ¹⁴⁶the flesh of the burnt-offering at all. The lighter sacrifices ¹⁴⁷may not be eaten before the blood has been sprinkled. A non-priest may not ¹⁴⁸eat of the holiest sacrifices and a priest ¹⁴⁹may not eat the first fruits outside the Temple courts. One may not eat ¹⁵⁰the second tithe while in a state of impurity or ¹⁵¹in mourning; its redemption money ¹⁵²may not be used for anything other than food and drink. You must not ¹⁵³eat untithed produce or ¹⁵⁴change the order of separating the various tithes. Do not ¹⁵⁵delay payment of offerings – either freewill or obligatory – and do not ¹⁵⁶come to the Temple on the pilgrim festivals without an offering. Do not ¹⁵⁷break your word.	127. Ex. 12:48 128. Ex. 12:43 129. Lev. 12:4 132. Lev. 7:18 134. Lev. 22:10 135. Lev. 22:10 138. Lev. 6:16 142. Deut. 12:17 144. Deut. 12:17 145. Deut. 12:17 148. Deut. 12:17 149. Ex. 29:33 151. Deut. 26:14 154. Ex. 22:28 156. Ex. 23:15
	Priests
158. Lev. 21:7 160. Lev. 21:7 162. Lev. 21:15 163. Lev. 10:6 166. Lev. 21:1 167. Lev. 21:11 170. Deut. 18:1 171. Deut. 14:1	A priest may not marry ¹⁵⁸a harlot, ¹⁵⁹a woman who has been profaned from the priesthood, or ¹⁶⁰a divorcee; the high priest must not ¹⁶¹marry a widow or ¹⁶²take one as a concubine. Priests may not enter the sanctuary with ¹⁶³overgrown hair of the head or ¹⁶⁴with torn clothing; they must not ¹⁶⁵leave the courtyard during the Temple service. An ordinary priest may not render himself ¹⁶⁶ritually impure except for those relatives specified, and the high priest should not become impure ¹⁶⁷for anybody in ¹⁶⁸any way. The tribe of Levi shall have no part in ¹⁶⁹the division of the land of Israel or ¹⁷⁰in the spoils of war. It is forbidden ¹⁷¹to make oneself bald as a sign of mourning for one's dead.	159. Lev. 21:7 161. Lev. 21:14 164. Lev. 10:6 165. Lev. 10:7 168. Lev. 21:11 169. Deut. 18:1
	Dietary Laws
172. Deut. 14:7 174. Lev. 11:13 176. Lev. 11:41 178. Lev. 11:42 181. Ex. 23:19 183. Gen. 32:33 184. Lev. 7:26	A Jew may not eat ¹⁷²unclean cattle, ¹⁷³unclean fish, ¹⁷⁴unclean fowl, ¹⁷⁵creeping things that fly, ¹⁷⁶creatures that creep on the ground, ¹⁷⁷reptiles, ¹⁷⁸worms found in fruit or produce, or ¹⁷⁹any detestable creature. An animal that has died naturally ¹⁸⁰is forbidden for consumption, as is ¹⁸¹a torn or mauled animal. One must not eat ¹⁸²any limb taken from a living animal. Also prohibited is ¹⁸³the sinew of the thigh (gid ha-nasheh), as are ¹⁸⁴blood and ¹⁸⁵certain types of fat (helev). It is	173. Lev. 11:11 175. Deut. 14:19 177. Lev. 11:44 179. Lev. 11:43 180. Deut. 14:21 182. Deut. 12.23 185. Lev. 7:23

186. Ex. 23:19 188. Ex. 21:28 189. Lev. 23:14 190. Lev. 23:14 192. Lev. 19:23 194. Deut. 32:38 195. Lev. 19:26; Deut. 21:20 197. Ex. 13:3 199. Deut. 16:3 200. Ex. 13:7	forbidden ¹⁸⁶to cook meat together with milk or ¹⁸⁷eat of such a mixture. It is also forbidden to eat ¹⁸⁸of an ox condemned to stoning (even if it has been properly slaughtered). One may not eat ¹⁸⁹bread made of new corn or the new corn itself, either ¹⁹⁰roasted or ¹⁹¹green, before the omer offering has been brought on the 16^thof Nisan. You may not eat ¹⁹²orlah or ¹⁹³the growth of mixed planting in the vineyard (see Mixed Species). Any use of ¹⁹⁴wine libations to idols is prohibited, as are ¹⁹⁵gluttony and drunkenness. One may not eat anything on ¹⁹⁶the Day of Atonement. During Passover it is forbidden to eat ¹⁹⁷leaven (hamez) or ¹⁹⁸anything containing an admixture of such. This is also forbidden ¹⁹⁹after the middle of the 14^th of Nisan (the day before Passover). During Passover no leaven may be ²⁰⁰seen or ²⁰¹found in your possession.	187. Ex. 34:26 191. Lev. 23:14 193. Deut. 22:9 196. Lev. 23:29 198. Ex. 13:20 201. Ex. 12:19
	Nazirites
202. Num. 6:3 203. Num. 6:3 206. Num. 6:4 208. Lev. 21:11 209. Num. 6:5	A Nazirite may not drink ²⁰²wine or any beverage made from grapes; he may not eat ²⁰³fresh grapes, ²⁰⁴dried grapes, ²⁰⁵grape seeds, or ²⁰⁶grape peel. He may not render himself ²⁰⁷ritually impure for his dead nor may he ²⁰⁸enter a tent in which there is a corpse. He must not ²⁰⁹shave his hair.	204. Num. 6:3 205. Num. 6:4 207. Num. 6:7
	Agriculture
210. Lev. 23:22 211. Lev. 19:9 213. Lev. 19:10 215. Lev. 19:19 217. Lev. 19:19 219. Deut. 25:4 220. Lev. 25:4 222. Lev. 25:5 225. Lev. 25:11 227. Lev. 25:23 228. Lev. 25:33	It is forbidden ²¹⁰to reap the whole of a field without leaving the corners for the poor; it is also forbidden to ²¹¹gather up the ears of corn that fall during reaping or to harvest ²¹²the misformed clusters of grapes, or ²¹³the grapes that fall or to ²¹⁴return to take a forgotten sheaf. You must not ²¹⁵sow different species of seed together or ²¹⁶corn in a vineyard; it is also forbidden to ²¹⁷crossbreed different species of animals or ²¹⁸work with two different species yoked together. You must not ²¹⁹muzzle an animal working in a field to prevent it from eating. It is forbidden to ²²⁰till the earth, ²²¹to prune trees, ²²²to reap (in the usual manner) produce or ²²³fruit which has grown without cultivation in the seventh year (shemittah). One may also not ²²⁴till the earth or prune trees in the Jubilee year, when it is also forbidden to harvest (in the usual manner) ²²⁵produce or ²²⁶fruit that has grown without cultivation. One may not ²²⁷sell one's landed inheritance in the land of Israel permanently or ²²⁸change the lands of the Levites or ²²⁹leave the Levites without support.	212. Lev. 19:10 214. Deut. 24:19 216. Deut. 22:9 218. Deut. 22:10 221. Lev. 25:4 223. Lev. 25:5 224. Lev. 25:11 226. Lev. 25:11 229. Deut. 12:19
	Loans, Business, and the Treatment of Slaves
230. Deut. 15:2 231. Deut. 15:9 232. Deut. 15:7 235. Lev. 25:37 237. Ex. 22:24 238. Lev. 19:13 239. Deut. 24:10 241. Deut. 24:17 242. Deut. 24:6	It is forbidden to ²³⁰demand repayment of a loan after the seventh year; you may not, however, ²³¹refuse to lend to the poor because that year is approaching. Do not ²³²deny charity to the poor or ²³³send a Hebrew slave away empty-handed when he finishes his period of service. Do not ²³⁴dun your debtor when you know that he cannot pay. It is forbidden to ²³⁵lend to or ²³⁶borrow from another Jew at interest or ²³⁷participate in an agreement involving interest either as a guarantor, witness, or writer of the contract. Do not ²³⁸delay payment of wages. You may not ²³⁹take a pledge from a debtor by violence, ²⁴⁰keep a poor man's pledge when he needs it, ²⁴¹take any pledge from a widow or ²⁴²from any debtor if he earns his living with it.	233. Deut. 15:13 234. Ex. 22:24 236. Deut. 23:20 240. Deut. 24:12

243. Ex. 20:13 244. Lev. 19:11 246. Deut. 19:14 248. Lev. 19:11 250. Lev. 25:14 252. Ex. 22:20 254. Deut. 23:16 256. Ex. 22:21 258. Lev. 25:42 260. Lev. 25:53 262. Ex. 21:10 263. Deut. 21:14 265. Ex. 20:17 266. Deut. 5:18 267. Deut. 23:26 269. Deut. 22:3 270. Ex. 23:5 271. Lev. 19:35	Kidnapping ²⁴³a Jew is forbidden. Do not ²⁴⁴steal or ²⁴⁵rob by violence. Do not ²⁴⁶remove a landmarker or ²⁴⁷defraud. It is forbidden ²⁴⁸to deny receipt of a loan or a deposit or ²⁴⁹to swear falsely regarding another man's property. You must not ²⁵⁰deceive anybody in business. You may not ²⁵¹mislead a man even verbally. It is forbidden to harm the stranger among you ²⁵²verbally or ²⁵³do him injury in trade. You may not ²⁵⁴return or ²⁵⁵otherwise take advantage of a slave who has fled to the land of Israel from his master, even if his master is a Jew. Do not ²⁵⁶afflict the widow or the orphan. You may not ²⁵⁷misuse or ²⁵⁸sell a Hebrew slave; do not ²⁵⁹treat him cruelly or ²⁶⁰allow a heathen to mistreat him. You must not ²⁶¹sell your Hebrew maidservant or, if you marry her, ²⁶²withhold food, clothing, and conjugal rights from her. You must not ²⁶³sell a female captive or ²⁶⁴treat her as a slave. Do not ²⁶⁵covet another man's possesions even if you are willing to pay for them. Even ²⁶⁶the desire alone is forbidden. A worker must not ²⁶⁷cut down standing corn during his work or ²⁶⁸take more fruit than he can eat. One must not ²⁶⁹turn away from a lost article which is to be returned to its owner nor may you ²⁷⁰refuse to help a man or an animal which is collapsing under its burden. It is forbidden to ²⁷¹defraud with weights and measures or even ²⁷²to possess inaccurate weights.	245. Lev. 19:13 247. Lev. 19:13 249. Lev. 19:11 251. Lev. 25:17 253. Ex. 22:20 255. Deut. 23:17 257. Lev. 25:39 259. Lev. 25:43 261. Ex. 21:8 264. Deut. 21:14 268. Deut. 23:25 272. Deut. 25:13
	Justice
273. Lev. 19:15 275. Lev. 19:15 278. Ex. 23:6 279. Deut. 19:13 281. Ex. 23:1 282. Ex. 23:2 283. Ex. 23:2 284. Deut. 1:17 285. Ex. 20:16 288. Deut. 19:15 289. Ex. 20:13 291. Num. 35:30 292. Num. 35:12 293. Deut. 25:12 295. Num. 35:31 297. Lev. 19:16 298. Deut. 22:8 300. Deut. 25:2–3 301. Lev. 19:16	A judge must not ²⁷³perpetrate injustice, ²⁷⁴accept bribes, or be ²⁷⁵partial or ²⁷⁶afraid. He may ²⁷⁷not favor the poor or ²⁷⁸discriminate against the wicked; he should not ²⁷⁹pity the condemned or ²⁸⁰pervert the judgment of strangers or orphans. It is forbidden to ²⁸¹hear one litigant without the other being present. A capital case cannot be decided by ²⁸²a majority of one. A judge should not ²⁸³accept a colleague's opinion unless he is convinced of its correctness; it is forbidden to ²⁸⁴appoint as a judge someone who is ignorant of the law. Do not ²⁸⁵give false testimony or accept ²⁸⁶testimony from a wicked person or from ²⁸⁷relatives of a person involved in the case. It is forbidden to pronounce judgment ²⁸⁸on the basis of the testimony of one witness. Do not ²⁸⁹murder. You must not convict on ²⁹⁰circumstantial evidence alone. A witness ²⁹¹must not sit as a judge in capital cases. You must not ²⁹² execute anybody without due proper trial and conviction. Do not ²⁹³pity or spare the pursuer. Punishment is not to be inflicted for ²⁹⁴an act committed under duress. Do not accept ransom ²⁹⁵for a murderer or ²⁹⁶a manslayer. Do not ²⁹⁷hesitate to save another person from danger and do not ²⁹⁸leave a stumbling block in the way or ²⁹⁹mislead another person by giving wrong advice. It is forbidden ³⁰⁰to administer more than the assigned number of lashes to the guilty. Do not ³⁰¹tell tales or ³⁰²bear hatred in your heart. It is forbidden to	274. Ex. 23:8 276. Deut. 1:17 277. Lev. 19:15, rather Ex. 23:3 280. Deut. 24:17 286. Ex. 23:1 287. Deut. 24:16 290. Ex. 23:7 294. Deut. 22:26 296. Num. 35:32 299. Lev. 19:14 302. Lev. 19:17

303. Lev. 19:17 305. Lev. 19:18 307. Lev. 13:33 310. Ex. 22:17 311. Deut. 24:5 312. Deut. 17:11 313. Deut. 13:1 315. Ex. 22:27 318. Ex. 21:17 319. Ex. 21:15 320. Ex. 20:10 323. Ex. 12:16 325. Lev. 23:21 327. Lev. 23:35 328. Lev. 23:36	³⁰³shame a Jew, ³⁰⁴to bear a grudge, or ³⁰⁵to take revenge. Do not ³⁰⁶take the dam when you take the young birds. It is forbidden to ³⁰⁷shave a leprous scalp or ³⁰⁸remove other signs of that affliction. It is forbidden ³⁰⁹to cultivate a valley in which a slain body was found and in which subsequently the ritual of breaking the heifer's neck (eglah arufah) was performed. Do not ³¹⁰suffer a witch to live. Do not ³¹¹force a bridegroom to perform military service during the first year of his marriage. It is forbidden to ³¹²rebel against the transmitters of the tradition or to ³¹³add or ³¹⁴detract from the precepts of the law. Do not curse ³¹⁵a judge, ³¹⁶a ruler, or ³¹⁷any Jew. Do not ³¹⁸curse or ³¹⁹strike a parent. It is forbidden to ³²⁰work on the Sabbath or ³²¹walk further than the permitted limits (eruv). You may not ³²²inflict punishment on the Sabbath. It is forbidden to work on ³²³the first or ³²⁴the seventh day of Passover, on³²⁵Shavuot, on ³²⁶Rosh Ha-Shanah, on the ³²⁷first and ³²⁸eighth (*Shemini Azeret) days of Sukkot, and ³²⁹on the Day of Atonement.	304. Lev. 19:18 306. Deut. 22:6 308. Deut. 24:8 309. Deut. 21:4 314. Deut. 13:1 316. Ex. 22:27 317. Lev. 19:14 321. Ex. 16:29 322. Ex. 35:3 324. Ex. 12:16 326. Lev. 23:25 329. Lev. 23:28
	Incest and Other Forbidden Relationships
330. Lev. 18:7 331. Lev. 18:8 332. Lev. 18:9 336. Lev. 18:10 338. Lev. 18:17 341. Lev. 18:13 343. Lev. 18:15 344. Lev. 18:16 347. Lev. 18:20 350. Lev. 18:22 351. Lev. 18:7 353. Lev. 18:6 354. Deut. 23:3 355. Deut. 23:18 358. Deut. 22:29 360. Deut. 23:2 361. Lev. 22:24	It is forbidden to enter into an incestuous relationship with one's ³³⁰mother, ³³¹step-mother, ³³²sister, ³³³half-sister, ³³⁴son's daughter, ³³⁵daughter's daughter, ³³⁶daughter, ³³⁷any woman and her daughter, ³³⁸any woman and her son's daughter, ³³⁹any woman and her daughter's daughter, ³⁴⁰father's sister, ³⁴¹mother's sister, ³⁴²paternal uncle's wife, ³⁴³daughter-in-law, ³⁴⁴brother's wife, and ³⁴⁵wife's sister. It is also forbidden to ³⁴⁶have sexual relations with a menstruous woman (see Niddah). Do not ³⁴⁷commit adultery. It is forbidden for ³⁴⁸a man or ³⁴⁹a woman to have sexual intercourse with an animal. Homosexuality ³⁵⁰is forbidden, particularly with ³⁵¹one's father or ³⁵²uncle. It is forbidden to have ³⁵³intimate physical contact (even without actual intercourse) with any of the women with whom intercourse is forbidden. A mamzer may not ³⁵⁴marry a Jewess. Harlotry ³⁵⁵is forbidden. A divorcee may not be ³⁵⁶remarried to her first husband if, in the meanwhile, she had married another. A childless widow may not ³⁵⁷marry anybody other than her late husband's brother (see Levirate Marriage). A man may not ³⁵⁸divorce a wife whom he married after having raped her or ³⁵⁹after having slandered her. A eunuch may not ³⁶⁰marry a Jewess. Castration ³⁶¹is forbidden.	333. Lev. 18:11 334. Lev. 18:10 335. Lev. 18:10 337. Lev. 18:17 339. Lev. 18:17 340. Lev. 18:12 342. Lev. 18:14 345. Lev. 18:18 346. Lev. 18:19 348. Lev. 18:23 349. Lev. 18:23 352. Lev. 18:14 356. Deut. 24:4 357. Deut. 25:5 359. Deut. 22:19
	The Monarchy
362. Deut. 17:15 363. Deut. 17:16 364. Deut. 17:17	You may not ³⁶²elect as king anybody who is not of the seed of Israel. The king must not accumulate an excessive number of ³⁶³horses, ³⁶⁴wives, or ³⁶⁵wealth.	365. Deut. 17:17
		[Raphael Posner]

Deut. 17; Ex. R. 33:7; Num. R. 13:15–16; 18:21; Yev. 47b) which crystallized in the school of R. *Akiva (see A.H. Rabinowitz, Taryag, 38–39). Doubt as to the validity of this tradition in the eyes of the sages of the Talmud has been expressed by *Naḥmanides, Abraham *Ibn Ezra, Simeon b. Zemaḥ *Duran, Schechter, and others, but the majority of scholars, including Naḥmanides and Duran, conclude that the tradition does in fact reflect the opinion of the rabbis of the Talmud. Works enumerating the commandments are numerous (see Jellinek, Kunteres Taryag, 1878), but the majority of the lists conform to one of four methods of enumeration: (1) The earliest lists, those of the anonymous *azharot, are divided simply into two lists of positive and prohibitive precepts, with little attention being paid to the internal classification, e.g., Attah Hinḥalta, Azharat Reshit, Emet Yehegeh Ḥikki. (2) The threefold division into positive commandments, prohibitions, and parashiyyot, first found in the list prefacing the *Halakhot Gedolot of R. Simeon Kayyara and subsequently in almost every enumeration of geonic times. (The basis for this division is to be found in Mid. Ps. 119:1 and indirectly in pr 22:111.) The section called parashiyyot lists precepts involving the public body but not the individual, e.g., setting aside cities for the levites, erecting the sanctuary. (3) Classification of the precepts under the tenfold headings of the *Decalogue. This method of classifying the precepts is at least as old as *Philo (Decal.), is mentioned in the Midrash several times (e.g., Num. R. 13:15/16), and is followed by *Saadiah Gaon, Isaac *Abrabanel, Ma'amar Haskel, and many others. (4) Independent logical classification of the two lists of positive and prohibitive precepts. This is the method of Maimonides and his school. There are in addition many literary curiosities in this field. Elijah Ettinger attempted to show that the 613 precepts are contained in the four verses of Moses' prayer (Deut. 3:23–6). Shirah le-Ḥayyim (Warsaw, 1817) attempts to insert the 613 precepts into the 613 letters of the song of Ha'azinu (Deut. 32:1–43). David Vital's Keter Torah construes a 613-line poem, each line defining one mitzvah and commencing with the letters of the Decalogue as they appear in the text. A Taryag enumeration amounts in principle to a codification of the major elements of biblical law – the 613 headings under which all the details of Torah legislation may be classified. Extracting and identifying these headings from the complex body of biblical law is the central problem of the vast literature which has grown up around Taryag enumerations. In this literature the term mitzvah is used in the limited sense of a mandate or prohibition which fulfills the conditions necessary for inclusion among the member mitzvot of Taryag. Since early tradition gives no precise criteria, the problem is immense and no logical system hitherto proposed is free from criticism. Although preceded by the logical systems of Saadiah Gaon and Ḥefeẓ b. Yaẓli'aḥ, and subsequently criticized by Naḥmanides, the principal method of enumerating the mitzvot is that defined by *Maimonides in his Sefer ha-Mitzvot. Maimonides introduces the work with a lengthy treatise in which he lays down 14 guiding principles governing the inclusion or exclusion of a mitzvah in a Taryag enumeration. This treatise formed the basis for subsequent literature on the subject, and the divergence of different Taryag lists, both preceding and succeeding Maimonides, is due to differences of opinion over these principles. Taryag lists are by no means confined to halakhic treatment. They range over the fields of ethics (Aaron of Barcelona, and Isaiah Hurwitz, among others) homiletics (Aḥai Gaon), philosophy (Moreh Nevukhim), and mysticism (David b. Solomon ibn Abi Zimra). An entire (though incomplete) section of the Zohar, the "Ra'aya Meheimna" ("Faithful Shepherd"), is devoted to enumerating Taryag and offers a mystical interpretation of the precepts. Taryag lists also entered the liturgy, during geonic times, in the form of azharot, which form an integral part of the festival prayer book.

bibliography:

Bloch, in: rej, 1 (1880), 197–211; 5 (1882), 27–40; J.M. (Michael) Guttmann, Beḥinat ha-Mitzvot (1928); Halper, in: jqr, 4 (1913/14), 519–76; 5 (1914/15), 29–90; H. Heller (ed.), Sefer ha-Mitzvot le-R. Moshe b. Maimon (1914); Maimonides, The Book of Divine Commandments, tr. by C.B. Chavel (1940).

[Abraham Hirsch Rabinowitz]

Encyclopaedia Judaica