Arctic-alpine species A species that is found both in the Arctic and on the higher mountains in the temperate zone. Examples include Salix herbacea (least willow) and Saxifraga oppositifolia (opposite-leaved saxifrage). Although characteristic of the Arctic region and the Alps, Rockies, and Himalayas, they also occur in upland areas between the mountain ranges and the Arctic, and represent relics of the late Pleistocene tundra.

Arctic-alpine species A species which is found both in the Arctic and on the higher mountains in the temperate zone. Examples include Salix herbacea (least willow) and Saxifraga oppositifolia (opposite-leaved saxifrage). Although characteristic of the Arctic region and the Alps, Rockies, and Himalayas, they also occur in upland areas between the mountain ranges and the Arctic, and represent relicts of the late Pleistocenetundra.