Tropicbirds: Phaethontidae

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TROPICBIRDS: Phaethontidae

WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD (Phaethon lepturus): SPECIES ACCOUNT

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Tropicbirds are medium-sized seabirds. The males and females look similar, with long tail streamers, webbed feet, a yellow or red bill that curves downward, and long, pointed wings. They are between 29 and 40 inches (74 and 100 centimeters) in length, with their long tails accounting for about half of that length. The wingspan of the tropicbirds is 37 to 44 inches (94 to 112 centimeters), and they weigh between 10.6 to 26.5 ounces (300 to 750 grams). Their feathers are mostly white, sometimes with a little pink, and they have black wing markings and black marks at the eyes. Red-billed tropicbirds and the young of all three species have speckled feathers on their backs.

GEOGRAPHIC RANGE

Tropicbirds live in warm, tropical waters and breed on islands all across the oceans.

HABITAT

Tropicbirds build their nests on tropical islands. When they are not nesting, they fly over the ocean and rest on the water.

DIET

Flying fish are the main food of tropicbirds. They also feed on other kinds of fish and squid. They can catch flying fish in the air or fly into the water and catch prey near the surface. They usually search for food alone or in pairs, but they may also join large flocks of other seabirds.

BEHAVIOR AND REPRODUCTION

Tropicbirds spend more time at sea than other birds in their group, which includes frigatebirds (FRIGG-it-birdz), gannets, boobies, cormorants, and pelicans. They tend to stay far away from their breeding islands, flying above the water or sitting on it, unless they are courting or nesting. They usually nest on ledges of cliffs on islands. Sometimes they crawl into holes in rocky cliffs. They may also nest in trees or on the ground under bushes that protect them from sun and rain. Ground nests are usually part of a colony, a group of seabirds nesting close together. They lay only one egg. Both parents feed and care for the chick until it is ready to fly in eleven to fifteen weeks.

TROPICBIRDS AND PEOPLE

In the early 1900s many tropicbirds were killed and their feathers were sold for making hats. The long tail feathers are still used by native island peoples to decorate traditional clothing and headdresses. Some people eat tropicbirds, including their eggs and young. Tropicbirds attract ecotourists, people who travel to see wildlife and learn about the environment, and the money spent on boat tours, hotels, and food helps the local people who live near the birds.

HURRICANE BIRDS

Although tropicbirds live year round in the tropics, they occasionally show up in surprising places. If they get caught in a tropical storm or hurricane, they may end up far to the north or south of their usual areas. For example, after a hurricane, they might be found as far north as Massachusetts. Often the birds have been injured by the storm, and they need to be cared for by a veterinarian or wildlife officer before they can be sent south and set free.

CONSERVATION STATUS

On some islands, tropicbirds have lost their nesting habitat. Other birds get caught in big fishing nets at sea. Tropicbirds are sometimes harmed by oil spills because they spend so much time on the ocean. However tropicbirds are plentiful enough that they are not in danger of extinction, dying out.

WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD (Phaethon lepturus): SPECIES ACCOUNT

Physical characteristics: The white-tailed tropicbird is the smallest of the three kinds of tropicbirds. Male and female birds look alike. The adult is 29 inches (74 centimeters) long from bill to end of tail, and about half that length is the tail. Its wingspan is 37 inches (94 centimeters), and the bird weighs 11 ounces (312 grams). The tropicbird's feathers are mostly white, but it has black markings on the upper wings, and a black eye-stripe. It has a long white tail with a black stripe on top and a down-curved bill that is orange or red-orange. It has short legs and its feet are webbed. Since the tropicbird's legs are set far back on its body, it is a good swimmer, but it is awkward on land. Tropicbirds do not have bare skin pouches on their throats the way pelicans and other birds in their group do.

Geographic range: White-tailed tropicbirds nest on tropical ocean islands, including the Hawaiian Islands. When they are not nesting, they are rarely seen near land. Instead, they spend the rest of their lives flying over the ocean or sitting on the water.

Habitat: The islands these birds nest on are all in warm tropical areas. The habitats they prefer are rocky cliffs where land predators are not able to reach them. They go on long trips over the ocean, as far as 75 miles (120 kilometers) from the islands while searching for fish. When they are not nesting, they stay far from the islands and continental shorelines. They are usually found in water with warm temperatures between 74.8 and 76°F (23.8 and 24.9°C).

Diet: The main foods of white-tailed tropicbirds are flying fish and squid. They also eat other kinds of fish. Tropicbirds can catch and eat rather large fish for their size, up to 18 percent of their body weight. That would be like a 100-pound, or 36-kilogram, person eating the meat in 72 hamburgers. The birds usually plunge into the water from the air, but they are not deep divers. They find their food near the surface of the water. They can also catch flying fish in the air.

Behavior and reproduction: White-tailed tropicbirds are excellent fliers and can stay in the air for a long time. When they are flying, they have a rattling call. They are built for life on the ocean, and are clumsy on land. Their legs are set far back so they shuffle along on their breasts and push themselves with their wings. They cannot stand upright and fall forward on their bellies. Sometimes they stab their bills into the ground and drag themselves forward.

Before breeding begins, many pairs of white-tailed tropicbird hover over the water near the nest site. They call, "kyep-kyep," and flap their wings in unison. They may fly higher than 300 feet (94.4 meters). The top bird in a pair sometimes hangs its long tail down onto its mate below. When one bird in a pair flies to a nest site, the other one follows.

White-tailed tropicbirds choose nest sites that are out of the direct sun. They like crevices in rocks or ledges under overhanging rocks. They also nest on sandy spots under bushes. The nest is just a shallow scrape in the ground. The birds that are able to use holes in rocky cliffs for their nests are quite safe from predators. The birds nesting on the ground try to defend their nests from rats and other predators with harsh screams and sharp pecks.

The female bird lays one egg, and the parents take turns keeping it warm. When white-tailed tropicbirds hatch, their bills are a bluish color. The parents regurgitate, spit up, food into their own mouths, and the chicks eat from their open bills. Young birds grow speckled feathers on their backs, and their bills turn yellow. They leave the nest before they are three months old, and they do not practice flying before they leave.

White-tailed tropicbirds and people: Bird watchers sometimes travel thousands of miles to see white-tailed tropicbirds. They also have a loud, shrill scream that reminded sailors of the whistle blown by a ship's officer. The officer was called a bosun or boatswain. That is how the bird got the nickname bosun bird.

Before 1880 on the island of Bermuda, white tropicbirds were hunted to supply hat-makers with feathers. When the birds became scarce, the birds became a protected species. The tropicbird is considered a national bird of Bermuda and its picture appears on postage stamps and on the 25-cent coin.

Conservation status: On many islands, white-tailed tropicbirds have lost nesting habitat because of development on their former nest sites. But they are still the most common of the three kinds of tropicbirds, and they are not in danger of extinction. ∎

FOR MORE INFORMATION

Books:

Alsop, Fred J. III. Smithsonian Birds of North America. London and New York: DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.

del Hoyo, Josep, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 1992.

Fleet, Robert R. Red-Tailed Tropicbird on Kure Atoll (No. 16). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists Union, 1974.

Haley, Delphine, ed. Seabirds of Eastern North Pacific and Arctic Waters. Seattle: Pacific Search Press, 1984.

Harrison, Peter. Seabirds, An Identification Guide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983.

Hosking, Eric. Seabirds of the World. New York: Facts on File, 1983.

Kaufman, Kenn. Lives of North American Birds. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996.

Soper, Tony. Oceans of Seabirds. London: David and Charles Publishers, 1989.

Periodicals:

Friend, Tim. "Courtship is Quite a Display." USA Today (January 14, 2004): D06.

Harrison., Craig S. "Tropicbird Song." Sea Frontiers (January–February 1994): 44–52.

Lee, D.S. and M. Walsh-McGehee. "The Birds of North America, White-Tailed Tropicbird, No. 353." Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology and The Academy of Natural Sciences (1998): 1–24.

Veit, Allison C., and Ian L. Jones. "Function of Tail Streamers of Red-Tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda) as Inferred from Patterns of Variation." The Auk (October 2003): 1033–1044.