Denaturation

Protein molecules carry out many important tasks in living systems. Most important, the majority of proteins are quite specific about which task they perform. Protein structure is what dictates this specificity, and the three-dimensional (tertiary) structure is particularly important. When this specific three-dimensional structure is disrupted, the protein loses its functionality and is said to have undergone denaturation.

The interactions, such as hydrogen bonding , that dictate the tertiary structure of proteins are not as strong as covalent chemical bonds. Because these interactions are rather weak, they can be disrupted with relatively modest stresses.

If a solution containing a protein is heated, it will reach a temperature at which properties such as viscosity or the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light will change abruptly. This temperature is called the melting temperature of the protein (because the measurement is analogous to that made for the melting of a solid). The melting temperature varies for different proteins, but temperatures above 41°C (105.8°F) will break the interactions in many proteins and denature them. This temperature is not that much higher than normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F), so this fact demonstrates how dangerous a high fever can be.

A familiar example of heat-caused denaturation are the changes observed in the albumin protein of egg whites when they are cooked. When an egg is first cracked open, the "whites" are translucent and runny (they flow like a liquid), but upon heating they harden and turn white. The change in viscosity and color is an indication that the proteins have been denatured.

Factors other than heat can also denature proteins. Changes in pH affect the chemistry of amino acid residues and can lead to denaturation. Hydrogen bonding often involves these side changes. Protonation of the amino acid residues (when an acidic proton H⁺ attaches to a lone pair of electrons on a nitrogen) changes whether or not they participate in hydrogen bonding, so a change in the pH can denature a protein.

Changes in salt concentration may also denature proteins, but these effects depend on several factors including the identity of the salt. Some salts, such as ammonium sulfate, tend to stabilize protein structures and increase the melting temperature. Others, such as calcium chloride, destabilize proteins and lower the melting temperature and are called chaotropic. Salts in this category can also be used in the laboratory to help purify proteins that are being studied, by lowering their solubility and causing them to "salt out."

see also Heavy Metal Toxins; Proteins.

Thomas A. Holme

Bibliography

Branden, C., and Tooze, J. (1998). Introduction to Protein Structures, 2nd edition. London: Taylor and Francis.

Creighton, T. E. (1993). Proteins, 2nd edition. New York: Freeman.

Fagain, C. O. (1997). Protein Stability and Stabilization of Protein Function. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience.

de·na·ture / dēˈnāchər/ • v. [tr.] [often as adj.] (denatured) take away or alter the natural qualities of. ∎  make (alcohol) unfit for drinking by the addition of toxic or foul-tasting substances. ∎  Biochem. destroy the characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological macromolecule) by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation. ∎  [intr.] (of a substance) undergo this process.DERIVATIVES: de·na·tur·a·tion / dēˌnāchəˈrāshən/ n.

denaturation Reversible or irreversible alterations in the biological activity of proteins or nucleic acids, which are brought about by changes in structure other than the breaking of the primary bonds between amino acids or nucleotides in the chain. This may be accomplished by changes of solvent, pH, or temperature, or through the physical abuse of the molecules.

denaturation Reversible or irreversible alterations in the biological activity of proteins or nucleic acids, brought about by changes in structure other than the breaking of the primary bonds between amino acids or nucleotides in the chain. This may be accomplished by changes of solvent, pH, or temperature, or through the physical abuse of the molecules.

denature To produce a structural change in a protein or nucleic acid that results in the reduction or loss of its biological properties. Denaturation involves unfolding of the polypeptide chains of proteins and of the double helix of nucleic acids, with loss of secondary and tertiary structure; it is caused by heat (thermal denaturation), chemicals, and extremes of pH. The differences between raw and boiled eggs are largely a result of denaturation. Compare renaturation.