Kinsella, W.P. 1935–

(William Patrick Kinsella)

PERSONAL: Born May 25, 1935, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; son of John Matthew (a contractor) and Olive Mary (a printer; maiden name, Elliot) Kinsella; married Myrna Salls, December 28, 1957 (divorced, 1963); married Mildred Irene Clay, September 10, 1965 (divorced, 1978); married Ann Ilene Knight (a writer), December 30, 1978 (divorced, 1997); married Barbara L. Turner, March 2, 1999; children: (first marriage) Shannon, Lyndsey, Erin. Education: University of Victoria, B.A., 1974; University of Iowa, M.F.A., 1978. Religion: Atheist.

ADDRESSES: Home—15325 19-A Ave., White Rock, British Columbia V4A 8S4, Canada; Box 2162, Blaine, WA 98230-2162. Office—P.O. Box 3067, Sumas, WA 98295-3067; and 9442 Nowell, Chilliwack, British Columbia V2P 4X7, Canada. Agent—Nancy Colbert, 55 Avenue Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5R 3L2, Canada.

CAREER: Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, clerk, 1954–56; Retail Credit Co., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, manager, 1956–61; City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, account executive, 1961–67; Caesar's Italian Village (restaurant), Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, owner, 1967–72; student and taxicab driver in Victoria, 1974–76; University of Iowa, Iowa City, instructor, 1976–78; University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, assistant professor of English and creative writing, 1978–83; author, 1983–.

MEMBER: American Amateur Press Association, Society of American Baseball Researchers, American Atheists, Enoch Emery Society.

AWARDS, HONORS: Award from Canadian Fiction, 1976, for story "Illianna Comes Home"; honorable mention in Best American Short Stories 1980, for "Fiona the First"; Houghton Mifflin Literary fellowship, 1982, Books in Canada First Novel Award, 1983, and Canadian Authors Association prize, 1983, all for Shoeless Joe; Writers Guild of Alberta O'Hagan novel medal, 1984, for The Moccasin Telegraph; Alberta Achievement Award for Excellence in Literature; Stephen Leacock Medal for Humor, 1987, for The Fencepost Chronicles; Author of the Year Award, Canadian Booksellers Association, 1987; Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada, D.Litt., 1990; University of Victoria, D.Litt, 1991; decorated, Order of Canada, 1994.

WRITINGS:

Dance Me Outside (stories), Oberon Press (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), 1977, published as Dance Me Outside: More Tales from the Ermineskin Reserve, David Godine (Boston, MA), 1986.

Scars: Stories, Oberon Press (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), 1978.

Shoeless Joe Jackson Comes to Iowa (stories), Oberon Press (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), 1980, Southern Methodist University Press (Dallas, TX), 1993.

Born Indian, Oberon Press (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), 1981.

Shoeless Joe (novel; based on title story in Shoeless Joe Jackson Comes to Iowa), Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1982.

The Ballad of the Public Trustee (chapbook), Standard Editions (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), 1982.

The Moccasin Telegraph (stories), Penguin Canada (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1983, published as The Moccasin Telegraph and Other Indian Tales, David Godine (Boston, MA), 1984, published as The Moccasin Telegraph and Other Stories, Penguin Books (New York, NY), 1985.

The Thrill of the Grass (chapbook), Standard Editions (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), 1984, new edition with additional stories, Penguin Books (New York, NY), 1984.

The Alligator Report (stories), Coffee House Press (Minneapolis, MN), 1985.

The Iowa Baseball Confederacy (novel), Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1986.

Five Stories (stories), illustrations by Carel Moiseiwitsch, Tanks (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), 1986.

The Fencepost Chronicles (stories), Totem Press (Don Mills, Ontario, Canada), 1986, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1987.

Red Wolf, Red Wolf (stories), Collins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1987.

The Further Adventures of Slugger McBatt: Baseball Stories by W.P. Kinsella, Collins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1987, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1988, reprinted as Go the Distance, Southern Methodist University Press (Dallas, Texas), 1995.

(With wife, Ann Knight) The Rainbow Warehouse (poetry), Pottersfield Press (East Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia, Canada), 1989.

Two Spirits Soar: The Art of Allen Sapp: The Inspiration of Allan Godor (art book), Stoddart (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1990.

The Miss Hobbema Pageant, HarperCollins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1990.

The First and Last Annual Six Towns Area Old Timers' Baseball Game, wood engravings by Gaylord Schanilec, Coffee House Press (Minneapolis, MN), 1991.

Box Socials (novel), HarperCollins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1992, Ballantine (New York, NY), 1993.

(With Furman Bisher and Dave Perkins) A Series for the World: Baseball's First International Fall Classic, Woodford Press (San Francisco, CA), 1992.

The Dixon Cornbelt League, and Other Baseball Stories, HarperCollins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1993, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1995.

Even at This Distance, Pottersfield Press (East Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia, Canada), 1994.

Brother Frank's Gospel Hour (stories), HarperCollins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1994, Southern Methodist University Press (Dallas, TX), 1996.

(Author of introduction) Peter Williams, When the Giants Were Giants: Bill Terry and the Golden Age of New York Baseball (stories), Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill (Chapel Hill, NC), 1994.

The Winter Helen Dropped By (novel), HarperCollins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1995.

If Wishes Were Horses, HarperCollins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1996.

Magic Time, Doubleday Canada (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1998, Voyageur Press (Stillwater, MN), 2001.

The Silas Stories, HarperCollins (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1998.

The Secret of the Northern Lights, Thistledown Press (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada), 1998.

Japanese Baseball, and Other Stories, Thistledown Press (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada), 2000.

(Editor, contributor, and author of introduction) Baseball Fantastic: Stories, Quarry Press (Kingston, Ontario, Canada), 2000.

Contributor to Ergo!: The Bumbershoot Literary Magazine, edited by Judith Roche, Bumbershoot, 1991, and to numerous anthologies. Also author of foreword to Hummers, Knucklers, and Slow Curves: Contemporary Baseball Poems, edited by Don Johnson, University of Illinois Press (Champaign, IL), 1991.

ADAPTATIONS: Shoeless Joe was adapted and produced as the motion picture Field of Dreams, released in 1989 by Universal; Shoeless Joe was also optioned for musical-stage adaptation by Dreamfields Ltd.; Dance Me Outside was produced as a motion picture by Norman Jewison in 1995; The Iowa Baseball Confederacy was adapted for sound recording by New Letters, 1986; "Lieberman in Love" in Red Wolf, Red Wolf was adapted and produced as a short film by Christine Lahti for Chanticleer Films; The Dixon Cornbelt League was optioned for motion picture by Sony/TriStar.

SIDELIGHTS: Canadian author W.P. Kinsella has won an international readership with his imaginative fiction. Some of Kinsella's short stories follow the daily escapades of characters living on a Cree Indian reservation, while some of his longer works, including Shoeless Joe and The Iowa Baseball Confederacy, mix magic and the mundane in epic baseball encounters. A determined writer who published his first story collection at the age of forty-two, Kinsella has won numerous awards, and his books have been adapted into successful films, such as Field of Dreams.

A Cree Indian named Silas Ermineskin brought Kinsella his first literary recognition, beginning in 1974. Ermineskin was the most prominent member of a large cast of characters Kinsella created in a series of stories based on a government reservation for the Cree people. Kinsella portrayed this life in nearly one hundred stories, collected in Dance Me Outside, Scars, Born Indian, and The Moccasin Telegraph. Both Canadian and U.S. critics expressed admiration for what Kinsella accomplished in these tales. Prairie Schooner contributor Frances W. Kaye noted, "W.P. Kinsella is not an Indian, a fact that would not be extraordinary were it not for the stories Kinsella writes about … a Cree World. Kinsella's Indians are counterculture figures in the sense that their lives counter the predominant culture of North America, but there is none of the worshipfully inaccurate portrayal of 'the Indians' that has appeared from Fenimore Cooper through Gary Snyder." In Wascana Review, George Woodcock likewise cited Kinsella for an approach that "restores proportion and brings an artistic authenticity to the portrayal of contemporary Indian life which we have encountered rarely in recent years." Anthony Brennan offered a similar assessment in Fiddlehead, writing that Dance Me Outside "is all the more refreshing because it quite consciously eschews ersatz heroics and any kind of nostalgic, mythopoeic reflections on a technicolor golden age."

In 1980 Kinsella published Shoeless Joe Jackson Comes to Iowa, a collection of short pieces set in Iowa, urban Canada, and San Francisco. The title story also was selected to appear in an anthology titled Aurora: New Canadian Writing 1979. An editor at Houghton Mifflin saw Kinsella's contribution to Aurora and contacted the author about expanding the story into a novel. "It was something that hadn't occurred to me at all," Kinsella recalled in Publishers Weekly. "I told [the editor], 'I've never written anything longer than 25 pages, but if you want to work with me, I'll try it.'" Much to Kinsella's surprise, the editor agreed. Kinsella set to work expanding "Shoeless Joe Jackson Comes to Iowa," but he decided instead to leave the story intact as the first chapter and build on the plot with a variety of other material. "I enjoyed doing it very much," he said. "They were such wonderful characters I'd created, and I liked being audacious in another way. I put in no sex, no violence, no obscenity, none of that stuff that sells. I wanted to write a book for imaginative readers, an affirmative statement about life."

Shoeless Joe, a novel-length baseball fable set on an Iowa farm, won Kinsella the Houghton Mifflin Literary fellowship in 1982. The story follows a character named Ray Kinsella in his attempts to summon the spirits of the tarnished 1919 Chicago White Sox by building a ballpark in his cornfield. Among the ghostly players lured to Kinsella's perfectly mowed grass is Shoeless Joe Jackson, the White Sox star player who fell in scandal when it was revealed that his team threw the World Series. As the story progresses, the same mysterious loudspeaker voice that suggested construction of the ballpark says, "Ease his pain," and Ray Kinsella sets off to kidnap author J.D. Salinger for a visit to Fenway Park. The novel blends baseball lore with legend and historical figures with fictional characters. "I've mixed in so much, I'm not sure what's real and what's not," Kinsella told Publishers Weekly, "but as long as you can convince people you know what you're talking about, it doesn't matter. If you're convincing, they'll believe it."

Kinsella cemented his reputation as a writer of literary merit with Shoeless Joe. According to Los Angeles Times critic Alan Cheuse, the work "stands as fictional homage to our national pastime, with resonances so American that the book may be grounds for abolishing our northern border." Detroit News writer Ben Brown explained, "What we have here is a gentle, unselfconscious fantasy balanced perilously in the air above an Iowa cornfield. It's a balancing act sustained by the absolutely fearless, sentimentality-risking honesty of the author. And it doesn't hurt a bit that he's a master of the language…. This is an utterly beautiful piece of work." Christian Science Monitor contributor Maggie Lewis stated, "The descriptions of landscape are poetic, and the baseball details will warm fans' hearts and not get in the way of mere fantasy lovers. This book would make great reading on a summer vacation. In fact, this book is a summer vacation." But Washington Post critic Jonathan Yardley wrote, Shoeless Joe "is a book of quite unbelievable self-indulgence, a rambling exercise the only discernible point of which seems to be to demonstrate, ad infinitum and ad nauseam, what a wonderful fellow is its narrator/author."

Kinsella continued to express his fascination with baseball in his 1986 novel, The Iowa Baseball Confederacy. Jonathan Webb described the work in Quill & Quire: "The Iowa Baseball Confederacy contains bigger magic, larger and more spectacular effects, than anything attempted in Shoeless Joe. Kinsella is striving for grander meaning: the reconciliation of immovable forces—love and darker emotions—on conflicting courses." Time travel and a ballgame that lasts in excess of 2,600 innings are two of the supernatural events in the story; characters as diverse as Teddy Roosevelt and Leonardo da Vinci make cameo appearances. Chicago Tribune Books contributor Gerald Nemanic wrote: "Freighted with mythical machinery, The Iowa Baseball Confederacy requires the leavening of some sprightly prose. Kinsella is equal to it. His love for baseball is evident in the lyrical descriptions of the game."

Toronto Globe and Mail reviewer William French suggested that Kinsella lifts baseball to a higher plane in his novels. The author, French noted, is "attracted as much to the metaphysical aspects as the physical, intrigued by how baseball transcends time and place and runs like a subterranean stream of consciousness through the past century or so of American history…. His baseball novels are animated by a lighthearted wit and bubbling imagination, a respect for mystery and magic." "To be obsessed with baseball is to be touched by grace in Kinsella's universe," wrote Webb, "and a state of grace gives access to magic." Webb felt that in The Iowa Baseball Confederacy, Kinsella fails to persuade the reader to go along with his magic. French likewise stated: "In the end [of the novel], Kinsella's various themes don't quite connect. But it hardly matters; we're able to admire the audacity of Kinsella's vision and the sheen of his prose without worrying too much about his ultimate meaning." Los Angeles Times Book Review contributor Roger Kahn called The Iowa Baseball Confederacy "fun and lyric and poignant."

Although baseball surfaces as a theme in Kinsella's 1991 novel, Box Socials, the work primarily revolves around the young narrator, Jamie O'Day, and the quirky characters who live in and around 1940s Fark—a small town near Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Filled with "crackpots bizarre enough to put [American humorist] Garrison Keillor to shame," commented Joyce R. Slater in Chicago Tribune Books, Box Socials features such individuals as Little Wasyl Podolanchuk, one of the only Ukrainian dwarfs in the province; teenaged Truck-box Al McClintock, who once batted against Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Feller; and bachelor Earl J. Rasmussen, who lives in the hills with 600 sheep and delights in belting out "Casey at the Bat" at whim. Reviewers noted that Box Socials is essentially a coming-of-age tale about the curious and wide-eyed Jamie, who learns about sex by listening in on the women who gab with his mother, and who attends his first box social and bids on poor, downtrodden Bertha Sigurdson's lunch, even though Velvet Bozniak paid him to bid on hers. "The 'little box social' turns out to be a humdinger," Fannie Flagg stated in the New York Times Book Review, "if you've never been to a box social, go to this one. Along with a lot of laughs, we are given a touching and sensitive portrayal of the love, sometimes happy, sometimes heartbreaking, between young men and young women, and experience the pangs of first love through Jamie's eyes." Other reviewers praised Kinsella's leisurely narrative style. Patrick Goldstein in the Los Angeles Times Book Review remarked that Box Socials is "a delightful comic ramble, written in a quirky, digressive style that reads like a cross between [American avant-garde writer] Gertrude Stein and [American cartoonist] Al Capp." "If long-winded, seemingly pointless stories make you anxious," pointed out Slater, "Kinsella's not your man. If you're patient enough to stay for the payoff, if you're an admirer of the perfect wry phrase buried in verbiage, he will give you more than your money's worth."

Kinsella once again mixed magic and baseball in his 1993 work, The Dixon Cornbelt League and Other Baseball Stories. In this collection of nine stories, Kinsella uses mysticism and conflict to explore human nature. Supernatural events permeate many of the tales: "The Baseball Wolf" shows what happens when a shortstop transforms into a wolf in order to revive his fading career; in "The Fadeaway," even death cannot stop pitcher Christy Mathewson from relaying pitching tips to the Cleveland Indians through a dugout phone. Stephen Smith of Quill & Quire noticed the lack of "baseball activity" in The Dixon Cornbelt League and instructed the reader to "choose your own baseball imagery" when judging the stories. The story "Eggs" takes on a more realistic and serious topic. "Eggs" is an account of a pitcher's premature retirement due to the loss of his ability to throw a fastball. The pitcher's aspiration to return to baseball is unsupported by his wife and his unhappiness grows. Publishers Weekly critic Sybil S. Steinberg appreciated Kinsella's stories because they "read like lightning" and present "fascinating scenarios," yet she felt Kinsella does not fully satisfy his readers, does not offer enough substance or depth in the characters and their stories. Drew Limsky expressed a similar viewpoint in the Washington Post Book World, writing that "although Kinsella's voice is frequently winning even after he's run out of ideas, some of the entries are so slight they barely qualify as stories; they seem to belong to some lesser genre—tales or anecdotes, perhaps."

Kinsella has also produced short fiction on a variety of themes. The Alligator Report, published in 1985, contains stories that pay homage to surrealist Richard Brau-tigan, one of Kinsella's favorite authors. In a Village Voice review, Jodi Daynard wrote, "Kinsella's new stories replace humor with wit, regional dialect with high prose…. He uses surrealism most effectively to highlight the delicate balance between solitude and alienation, not to achieve a comic effect…. These are images that resonate—not comic ones, alas, but stirring, not woolly-wild, but urban gothic." New York Times Book Review contributor Harry Marten noted that in The Alligator Report Kinsella continued "to define a world in which magic and reality combine to make us laugh and think about the perceptions we take for granted."

In his 1994 book of short stories, Brother Frank's Gospel Hour, Kinsella revisits the inhabitants of Hobbema, Alberta. Two familiar inhabitants include Silas Ermine-skin, a Cree writer, and his comical partner Frank Fen-cepost. The humorous pair return in the short story "Bull," a lighthearted rendering of an artificial insemination case in the Alberta Supreme Court. The other stories in Brother Frank cover a range of topics. "Rain Birds" looks at the results of corporate farming on nature; the reality of child abuse is explored in "Dream Catcher"; a boy ascertains the parallels between the sexes in "Ice Man"; and in "Brother Frank's Gospel Hour" comedy turns a staid gospel show upside down. Critical reaction to Brother Frank was predominantly positive. Scott Anderson of Quill & Quire credited Kinsella for his "understanding of human foibles" and his revelry in "the inventiveness of the human spirit in adversity."

Kinsella took a break from writing about America's favorite pastime in his 1995 novel, The Winter Helen Dropped By. Set in a small town in Alberta, Canada, Kinsella's four-part novel depicts one year during the Great Depression through the eyes of eleven-year-old Jamie O'Day, the narrator of Box Socials. "Every story is about sex or death, or sometimes both," begins O'Day as he takes readers through a steady succession of marriages, funerals, pregnancies, and the like. In the novel's first section, an Indian woman arrives at the O'Day's farmhouse in the middle of a blizzard. Another section finds a local widow in the midst of wedding preparations while small-town gossip threatens to muffle the celebration. And Jamie views his parents through childish eyes in "Rosemary's Winter," which Paul J. Robichaud praised in his Quill & Quire review as "the strongest section of the novel." Heavy with child, Jamie's mother has to get to town, but the creek has flooded. Her dreamer husband's solution to the dilemma is to construct a sailboat, which in his creative vision he sees as a "wheelless windwagon." While noting that Kinsella sometimes affects a too-down-home air, Robichaud added that The Winter Helen Dropped By "affords the reader a glimpse into a world that no longer exists, and provides considerable laughter and feeling while doing so."

Kinsella's literary alter ego, Ray Kinsella, and Gideon Clarke, a character from The Iowa Baseball Confederacy, both return in the novel If Wishes Were Horses, published in 1996. Their role in this book is to listen to the strange tale of Joe McCoy, a washed-up pitcher who is on the run from the FBI after committing some crimes, including kidnapping. Joe believes that his wrongdoings have been prompted by unseen forces controlling him, and that he has another life more real than the one he has been living through. Maclean's reviewer Brian Bethune remarked: "In Kinsella's hands McCoy's colliding lives and ever more hallucinatory situation propel an absorbing story of longing and regret, in which the hero can taste and smell experiences that never happened. It is also very funny."

Kinsella suffered personal troubles in the late 1990s. He became embroiled in a legal case with Evelyn Lau, a writer and former romantic companion of Kinsella's, over a tell-all article she wrote and published detailing their relationship. While engaged in this case, in 1997 Kinsella was struck by a car and suffered the loss of his senses of smell and taste. He also claimed that, although doctors failed to prove a medical reason, injuries suffered in the accident had deprived him of his ability to write creatively. He did publish Magic Time in 1998, a novel he had begun six years earlier but never finished to his satisfaction. 'It's far from my best work, but if anybody wants to publish anything…. It's like playing baseball: if you get an at-bat, you take what you can,' Kinsella told Stephen Smith in Saturday Night. A Publishers Weekly reviewer called it "a warmhearted, homespun novel by the award-winning author." The plot takes in the trials and tribulations of a student athlete who ends up in what may be a beautifully disguised prison, and the book "satisfies with its endearing characters and baseball lore," concluded the reviewer.

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

BOOKS

Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series, Volume 7, Thomson Gale (Detroit, MI), 1988.

Contemporary Literary Criticism, Thomson Gale (Detroit, MI), Volume 27, 1984, Volume 43, 1987.

Contemporary Novelists, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 2001.

Contemporary Popular Writers, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1997.

St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1996.

PERIODICALS

Booklist, January 15, 1995, Dennis Dodge, review of The Dixon Cornbelt League and Other Baseball Stories, p. 895; March 15, 1995, Ted Hipple, review of the sound recording of The Iowa Baseball Confederacy, p. 1343.

Books in Canada, October, 1981; February, 1984; November, 1984; October, 1993, pp. 41-42; September, 1994, pp. 38-39; October, 1995, pp. 45-46.

Canadian Literature, summer, 1982; autumn, 1995, pp. 149-50.

Christian Science Monitor, July 9, 1982.

Detroit Free Press, May 4, 1986.

Detroit News, May 2, 1982; May 16, 1982.

Explicator, spring, 1995, Clarence Jenkins, "Kinsella's Shoeless Joe," p. 179.

Fiddlehead, fall, 1977; spring, 1981.

Globe and Mail (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), November 17, 1984; April 27, 1985; April 12, 1986.

Library Journal, February 1, 1982; November 1, 1990, p. 125; March 1, 1993, p. 85.

Los Angeles Times, August 26, 1982.

Los Angeles Times Book Review, May 23, 1982; July 6, 1986; March 29, 1992, p. 6.

Maclean's, May 11, 1981; April 19, 1982; July 23, 1984; May 1, 1989, p. 66; November 11, 1991, Victor Dwyer, review of Box Socials, p. 90; July 12, 1993, pp. 60-61; December 16, 1996, Brian Bethune, review of If Wishes Were Horses, p. 69; March 16, 1998, "From Love Story to Lawsuit," p. 12.

National Review, October 24, 1986, Mike Shannon, review of The Iowa Baseball Confederacy, p. 60.

Newsweek, August 23, 1982.

New York Review of Books, November 5, 192, pp. 41-45.

New York Times Book Review, July 25, 1982; September 2, 1984; January 5, 1986; April 20, 1986; May 19, 1991, p. 36; March 1, 1992, p. 29; July 12, 1992, p. 33; December 19, 1993, p. 14.

Prairie Schooner, spring, 1979.

Publishers Weekly, April 16, 1982; October 19, 1990, Penny Kaganoff, review of Red Wolf, Red Wolf, p. 53; March 2, 1992, review of Box Socials, p. 48; September 27, 1993, review of Shoeless Joe Jackson Comes to Iowa, p. 58; December 5, 1994, review of The Dixon Cornbelt League, pp. 65-66; February 13, 1995, p. 18; October 29, 2001, review of Magic Time, p. 36.

Quill & Quire, June, 1982; September, 1984; April, 1986; December, 1991, p. 17; June, 1993, p. 27; July, 1994, p. 94; September, 1995, p. 68.

Saturday Night, August, 1986, pp. 45-47; September, 1999, Stephen Smith, "A Loss for Words," p. 14.

Seattle Times, May 6, 1999, "Shoeless Joe Author Files B.C. Suit," p. B2.

Tribune Books (Chicago, IL), April 25, 1982; March 30, 1986; May 3, 1992, p. 6.

Village Voice, December 4, 1984; April 1, 1986.

Wascana Review, fall, 1976.

Washington Post, March 31, 1982.

Washington Post Book World, March 30, 1995, p. 4.