Wilson, Edward O. 1929- (Edward Osborne Wilson)

PERSONAL:

Born June 10, 1929, in Birmingham, AL; son of Edward O., Sr. (an accountant) and Inez Wilson; married Irene Kelley, October 30, 1955; children: Catherine Irene. Education: University of Alabama, B.S., 1949, M.S., 1950; Harvard University, Ph.D., 1955.

ADDRESSES:

Office—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.

CAREER:

Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, assistant professor of biology, 1956-58, associate professor of zoology, 1958-64, professor of zoology, 1964-76, Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science, 1976-94, Pellegrino Professor, 1994-97; Pellegrino University Professor Emeritus, 1997—, curator in entomology at Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1972-97, Honorary Curator in Entomology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1997—; writer. Member of selection committee, J.S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1982-89. Trustee of Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, MA), 1976-80. Member of board of directors, World Wildlife Fund, 1983-94, Organization for Tropical Studies, 1984-91, New York Botanical Gardens, 1991-95, American Museum of Natural History, 1992-2002, American Academy of Liberal Education, 1993-2004, Nature Conservancy, 1994-2002, and Conservation International, 1997—.

MEMBER:

World Wildlife Fund (member of advisory council, 1977—), Deutsche Akademie Naturforsch (fellow), Society for the Study of Evolution, British Ecological Society (honorary life member), Royal Society (England), Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, Russian Academy of Natural Science, Royal Society of Science (Uppsala), American Philosophical Society (fellow), American Genetics Association (honorary life member), National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (fellow), Entomological Society of America (honorary life member), Zoological Society of London (honorary life member), Netherlands Society of Entomology (honorary life member), Academy of Humanism (honorary life member).

AWARDS, HONORS:

Cleveland Award, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1969; Mercer Award, Ecological Society of America, 1971; Founders Memorial Award, Entomological Society of America, 1972; Distinguished Service Award, American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1976; National Medal of Science, 1977; Leidy Medal, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1979; Pulitzer Prize in general nonfiction, 1979, for On Human Nature, and 1991, for The Ants; Sesquicentennial Medal, University of Alabama, 1981; Distinguished Humanist Award, American Humanist Association, 1982; Tyler Ecology Prize, 1984; Richard M. Weaver Award for Scholarly Letters, Ingersoll Foundation, 1989; Crafoord Prize, Royal Swedish Academy, 1990; Prix d'Institute de la Vie (Paris), 1990; Revelle Medal, 1990; Gold Medal, Worldwide Fund for Nature, 1990; National Wildlife Association Award and Sir Peter Kent Conservation Prize, both 1991, both for The Diversity of Life; Hawkins Award, Outstanding Professional or Reference Work, American Publishers Association, 1991, for The Ants; National Wildlife Federation Achievement Award, 1992; Wildlife Society Book Award, 1993, for The Diversity of Life; Shaw Medal, Missouri Botanical Garden, 1993; International Prize in Biology, Japanese government, 1993; Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America, 1994; Distinguished Achievement Award, Educational Press Association of America, 1994; 1994 Award for Increasing the Public Understanding of Science, Council of Scientific Society Presidents, 1994; 1994 AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1995; David Ingalls Award for Excellence, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1995; Audubon Medal, Audubon Society, 1995; John Hay Award, Orion Society, 1995; Los Angeles Times Book Prize for science and technology, and Benjamin Franklin Award, Publishers Marketing Association, both 1995, for Naturalist; Phi Beta Kappa Prize, Science, and Science Book of the Year, German journalist, both 1995, for Journey to the Ants; Certificate of Distinction, Council of the XX International Congress of Entomology, 1996; First recipient, Edward Osborne Wilson Naturalist Award, American Society of Naturalists, 1997; William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement, Sigma Xi, 1997; Deutsche Umweltstiftung Prize, 1998, for The Diversity of Life; Clarence Cason Award, University of Alabama, Non-fiction Writing, 1999; Humanist of the Year citation, American Humanist Association, 1999; Benjamin Franklin Medal, American Philosophical Society, 1998; King Faisal International Prize for Science, 2000; Kistler Prize, Foundation for the Future, 2000; J.C. Phillips Memorial Medal, World Conservation Union, 2000; Phillips Memorial medal, World Conservation Union, 2000; Lewis Thomas prize, Rockefeller University, 2001; Nierenberg prize, Scripps Oceanographic Institute, 2001; Thoreau medal, Thoreau Society, 2001; Lifetime Achievement award, Time, 2001; Global Environment Citizens award, Harvard University, 2001; Busk medal, Royal Geographical Society, 2002; Presidential medal, Republic of Italy, 2002; Silver Cross of Christopher Columbus, Dominican Republic, 2003; Lowell Thomas award, Explorers Club, 2004; Frances Hutchinson medal, Chicago Botanical Garden, 2004, Governor's award, Island Alliance, MA, 2004; Rachel Carson award, International Society of Ecotoxicology and Chemistry, 2004; Rungius medal, American Museum of Wildlife Art, 2005; Prince William of Orange medal, Leiden University, 2006; TED prize, Sampling Foundation, 2006; George B. Stibbitz Commissioners Pioneer award, American Computer Museum, 2006. Guggenheim Foundation fellow, 1978; recipient of numerous other awards and honorary degrees.

WRITINGS:

(With R.H. MacArthur) The Theory of Island Biogeography, Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ), 1967, with a new preface by the author, 2001.

(With Robert W. Taylor) The Ants of Polynesia, Hawaii Museum Department of Entomology (Honolulu, HI), 1967.

The Insect Societies, Belknap Press (Cambridge, MA), 1971.

(With W.H. Bossert) A Primer of Population Biology, Sinauer Associates (Sunderland, MA), 1971.

(Coauthor) Life on Earth, Sinauer Associates (Sunderland, MA), 1973, 2nd edition, 1978.

(Author of introduction) Ecology, Evolution and Population Biology: Readings from Scientific American, Freeman (New York, NY), 1974.

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Belknap Press (Cambridge, MA), 1975, 25th Anniversary Edition, 2000.

(Author of introduction, with Thomas Eisner) Animal Behavior: Readings from Scientific American, W.H. Freeman (San Francisco, CA), 1975.

(Author of introduction, with Thomas Eisner) The Insects: Readings from Scientific American, Freeman (New York, NY), 1977.

(Coauthor) Life: Cells, Organisms, Populations, Sinauer Associates (Sunderland, MA), 1977.

(With George F. Oster) Caste and Ecology in Social Insects, Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ), 1978.

On Human Nature, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1978, 25th Anniversary Edition, 2004.

(With Charles J. Lumsden) Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1981, 25th Anniversary Edition, World Scientific (Hackensack, NJ), 2005.

(With Charles J. Lumsden) Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of the Mind, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1983.

Biophilia: The Human Bond to Other Species, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1984.

(Editor) Biodiversity, National Academy Press (Washington, DC), 1988.

(With Bert Holldobler) The Ants, Belknap Press (Cambridge, MA), 1990.

Success and Dominance in Ecosystems: The Case of the Social Insects, Ecology Institute (Luhe, Germany), 1990.

The Diversity of Life, Belknap Press (Cambridge, MA), 1992, new edition, W.W. Norton (New York, NY), 1999.

(Editor, with Stephen R. Kellert) The Biophilia Hypothesis, Island Press (Washington, DC), 1993.

(With Bert Holldobler) Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration, Belknap Press (Cambridge, MA), 1994.

Naturalist (autobiography), Island Press (Washington, DC), 1994, illustrated by Laura Simonds Southworth, Warner Books (New York, NY), 1995.

In Search of Nature, Island Press (Washington, DC), 1996.

(Editor, with others) Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, Joseph Henry (Washington, DC), 1997.

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Knopf (New York, NY), 1998.

Biological Diversity: The Oldest Human Heritage, New York State Museum (Albany, NY), 1999.

(With Dan L. Perlman) Conserving Earth's Biodiversity with E.O. Wilson, CD-ROM, Island Press (Washington, DC), 2000.

The Future of Life, Knopf (New York, NY), 2002.

Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 2003.

From So Simple a Beginning: The Four Great Books of Charles Darwin, W.W. Norton (New York, NY), 2006.

The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth, W.W. Norton (New York, NY), 2006.

Nature Revealed: Selected Writings, 1949-2006, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD), 2006.

Contributor of over 350 articles to scientific and popular journals. Coeditor, Theoretical Population Biology, 1971-74, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1975-98, and Psyche, 1958—.

ADAPTATIONS:

The Ants was adapted as the model for SimAnt, a computer game created by Maxis Company, 1991.

SIDELIGHTS:

Prior to 1975, Edward O. Wilson was primarily known as one of America's foremost experts on the insect world, his specialty being the study of ants and their social behavior. As a noted professor of entomology at Harvard University, he produced several books on insect culture and physiology. The author of two Pulitzer Prize-winning works of nonfiction and the recipient of the National Medal of Science, Wilson has become one of the best-known evolutionary biologists of the twentieth century. In 1996 Time magazine named him one of the twenty-five most influential contemporary Americans, and John Simmons, in The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, ranked him among the one hundred most influential scientists of all time.

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, which Wilson published in 1975, is considered a groundbreaking book. The first detailed study of the emerging science of sociobiology, it catapulted its author to both fame and controversy. The most debated tenet of sociobiology is that all human behavior is ultimately genetically based, or, as Wilson once put it, that "genes hold culture on a leash." This position aroused heated debate in both the scientific and cultural communities. Some of its critics, questioning Wilson's methodology, dismissed his work as "so-so biology." Many critics questioned Wilson's biological explanation of such social behaviors as altruism and religious activity, and accused him and other sociobiologists of advocating the idea of eugenics, the so-called "purifying" of races by genetic control of breeding. However, most scholars perceived Sociobiology to be a work of exceptional relevance and importance. While the Humanist published an article by Nathaniel S. Lehrman decrying sociobiology as "Wilson's Fallacy," the magazine went on to name Wilson its 1982 Distinguished Humanist and, in 1999, Humanist of the Year.

Controversy continued to rage. Some scientists criticized the book as reductionist; others denounced it on political grounds. At a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1978, a woman doused Wilson with a pitcher of cold water as protestors shouted "Wilson, you're all wet!" Others picketed Wilson's lectures, urged their peers to disrupt his classes, and published lengthy denunciations of what they perceived to be his racist, sexist, and classist views. Yet, as Michael Ruse put it in Reason in 1999, "A work that offended so many had to be saying something right." By the time Sociobiology was reissued in its 25th anniversary edition, its thesis had become the foundation for much new behavioral research. And new discoveries, especially in DNA research, had lent credence to Wilson's argument. As Ken Ringle wrote in a 1998 Washington Post article, "Today sociobiology is not only an accepted branch of science but one of its driving forces. The Animal Behavior Association in the 1980s voted Wilson's once-controversial work the most important such book ever."

Wilson continued to explore the synthesis of ideas in his 1978 book, On Human Nature, which he describes as "not a work of science," but rather "a work about science, and about how far the natural sciences can penetrate into human behavior before they will be transformed into something new." As with Sociobiology, some of Wilson's hypotheses in On Human Nature met with skepticism from the scientific community

In 1981 Wilson and theoretical physicist Charles J. Lumsden collaborated on Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process. Extending the theory of sociobiology, the two scientists described what they labeled the "gene-culture coevolution," a process by which human genetic makeup "helps guide and create culture, while culture in turn operates directly on the genes," according to Harper's reviewers James L. Gould and Carol Grant Gould. Two years later Wilson and Lumsden produced Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of the Mind, a layperson's book on the subject.

One example of the authors' gene-culture theory can be seen in their detailed study of the incest taboo, included in Promethean Fire. According to Wilson and Lumsden, the incest taboo, historically considered a cultural phenomenon, has actually been genetically programmed into humans as a reaction against the mentally and physically deformed offspring that incestuous unions can produce. Thus, the cultural taboo against familial sexual relations is an outgrowth of the genetic rule. "The authors also point out how easily (and in some cases even spontaneously) certain deep, long-lasting phobias appear [to such ancient terrors as snakes, spiders, and thunderstorms, for instance], while determined attempts on the part of parents to instill fear of the real threats of modern-day life (electrical outlets, knives, and busy streets) rarely succeed, at least at the phobia level," noted the Harper's critics. "Surely this argues for a type of genetic programming that could have a role in culture."

James and Carol Gould maintained that "sociobiology is rapidly unraveling many of the mysteries of animal societies. In doing so, it will give us invaluable insights into why we humans organize ourselves as we do, act as we do, perhaps even think as we do. To the extent that this sort of armchair speculation, bolstered by anthropological anecdote and mathematical calculation of probabilities, can encourage new ways of looking at our own evolution and the genetic constraints on our behavior, Lumsden and Wilson have done a service in making their theories accessible to the thinking public in Promethean Fire."

Wilson considers The Ants, his second Pulitzer Prize winner, to be his "magnum opus," not only because the book itself weighs seven and a half pounds, but because it brings together for the first time all the knowledge and widely scattered information known about ants. Working with fellow myrmecologist and Harvard faculty member Bert Holldobler, Wilson organizes a monumental amount of information about everything from ant evolution and history to ant communication and social structures. Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration, published four years later, once again united Wilson and Holldobler. A layperson's introduction to the amazing variation existing within the ant kingdom, Journey to the Ants also provides a revealing look at the motivations of those who have devoted their lives to the study of these surprisingly social creatures.

Wilson's attraction to biology, evolution, and ecology grew from his fascination, as a young boy, with the natural wonders surrounding the many places where he and his family lived, from the rural Alabama countryside to Washington, D.C., where Wilson discovered the treasures contained in the National Zoo and the Smithsonian Institution. The scientist's biophilia—what he describes as "the innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes"—is the subject of several books, including Biophilia: The Human Bond to Other Species and Naturalist.

"What happened, what we think happened in distant memory, is built around a small collection of dominating images," Wilson wrote in Naturalist, a personal memoir of his own evolution from young boy to biologist. The only child of an alcoholic father, the biologist eventually attended military school, channelling his developing intellect, self-discipline, reverence for single-mindedness of purpose, and interest in nature into a passion for the study of insects.

In Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Wilson takes a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the human search for knowledge. Whether this knowledge is sought through self-examination, through encounters with human culture, or through observation of the natural world, "the arts and the humanities share the same goal with the sciences," stated a Publishers Weekly interviewer: "the human quest for understanding of the intrinsic orderliness underlying all life." The book, explained Forbes interviewer Dyan Machan, "is an impassioned appeal for a reunion of hard science and the humanities, for closing the chasm that has increasingly divided the two in recent centuries. Wilson argues that the social sciences and the humanities—from anthropology to art theory—can and should be grounded in the principles of the natural sciences, especially biology. Consilience refers to the joining of all those branches of knowledge at a fundamental level." "The social sciences often operate as if they dwelt in a separate universe," Newsweek contributor Geoffrey Cowley declared. "To gain true self-awareness, Wilson insists, we must accept that human life is a physical phenomenon, generated and sustained by the same principles as bugs, trees and fishes. The dynamics of love and heroism maybe more complicated than those of crystal formation, but they're no less lawful."

What this means, according to Wilson, is that the social sciences need to recognize that there is a biological imperative that drives us socially as well as physically. "Esthetic tastes and culture, forms of government and religious beliefs are all affected by genetic tendencies that have evolved over millions of years," Edward Rothstein explained in the New York Times, "tendencies that need to be better understood. They leave their imprint on every human act, with research showing, for example, that every known culture treats incest as a taboo, classifies colors in similar groupings, and has clearly defined notions of status and territory." "Mr. Wilson suggests that such universals and other more complicated characteristics yet to be explored—our ‘human nature’—would, if properly understood," Rothstein concludes, "help reveal underlying forces shaping all human enterprise." "The apparent imperfections in human nature, like adolescent violence," declared New York Times contributor Nicholas Wade, "may spring from the same epigenetic rule that guides explorers and mountain-climbers, he suggests. Any attempt to change the apparent imperfections in human nature ‘would lead to the domestication of the human species—we would turn ourselves into lapdogs,’ he says."

The Future of Life and The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth both present Wilson's continuing appeal to protect biodiversity (a term he is credited with coining) through conservation. In the former book, a New Statesman essayist declared: "Wilson sets out the gravity of the situation with such elegant clarity that I was left moaning on the floor in a foetal position, as I found myself unable to picture anything save for the blasted heath that is all my grandchildren will be able to survey, should they actually survive the fast-approaching global environmental crisis." In the latter, which was "written as an impassioned letter to a Southern Baptist pastor," wrote Newsweek reviewer Jerry Adler, "[Wilson] asks that the forces of science and religion put aside their differences about how life began and join together to save it, because ‘each species, however inconspicuous and humble it may seem to us at the moment, is a masterpiece of biology, and well worth saving.’" In both volumes, the author stresses the interreliance between people and the natural world in which they live: nature is necessary for us to be human, so we have an imperative need to preserve, study, attempt to understand, and cherish it. Without that preservation, Wilson suggests, we are faced with the possibility of losing not merely our lives, but our humanity as well. "Human life is tangled inextricably in this intricate and fragile web," a Publishers Weekly critic explained in a review of The Creation. "Understanding these small universes, Wilson says, can foster human life."

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

BOOKS

Barlow, Connie, editor, From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected Writings in the Life Sciences, MIT (Cambridge, MA), 1991.

Segerstrale, Ullica, Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond, Oxford University Press (New York, NY), 2000.

Simmons, John, The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, Citadel Press (Seacaucus, NJ), 1996.

Wilson, E.O., Biophilia: The Human Bond to Other Species, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1984.

Wilson, E.O., Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Knopf (New York, NY), 1998.

Wilson, E.O., Naturalist, Island Press (Washington, DC), 1994.

Wilson, E.O., On Human Nature, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1978.

Wilson, E.O., Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Belknap Press (Cambridge, MA), 1975.

Wilson, E.O., and Charles J. Lumsden, Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of the Mind, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1983.

Wright, Robert, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, Times Books (New York, NY), 1988.

PERIODICALS

American Scholar, summer, 1998, review of Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, p. 143.

American Scientist, January 1, 1996, "Naturalist," p. 74.

Animals, January, 1997, Caraway Seed, review of In Search of Nature, p. 38.

Audubon, November, 1999, "The Final Countdown," p. 64; November 1, 2006, Keith Kloor, review of The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth, p. 84.

Book, January, 2002, Eric Wargo, review of The Future of Life, p. 71.

Booklist, September 1, 1996, Donna Seaman, review of In Search of Nature, p. 35; December 1, 2001, Ray Olson, review of The Future of Life, p. 604; August 1, 2006, Donna Seaman, review of The Creation, p. 19.

Bookwatch, March, 2005, review of On Human Nature.

Business Week, April 20, 1998, review of Consilience, p. 15.

Capper's, September 3, 2002, "Scientists, Public Work Together to Identify Earth's Animal Species," p. 14.

Christian Century, April 17, 2007, "Creation Conversation," p. 34.

Commentary, April, 2002, Kevin Shapiro, review of The Future of Life, p. 65.

Conscience, winter, 2006, review of The Creation.

Discover, July, 2001, "Edward O. Wilson of Harvard, a Leading Researcher in Sociobiology and Ant Behavior, Received the Inaugural $25,000 Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest, Awarded by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego," p. 16; December, 2001, "The Bard of Biodiversity," p. 24; April, 2002, "The Eco-warrior Writes Again: E.O. Wilson Devises a New Battle Plan to Save Planet Earth," p. 74; June, 2006, "The Discover Interview: Edward O. Wilson; Biology's Chief Provocateur Explores the Evolutionary Origins of Cooperation, Warfare, and the Tribal Mind," p. 58.

First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, October, 2006, "The Idol of Science," p. 60.

Forbes, September 21, 1998, Dyan Machan, "Please Pass the Ants," p. 110.

Habitat Australia, December, 2003, review of The Future of Life, p. 24.

Harper's, June, 1983, James L. Gould and Carol Grant Gould, review of Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process.

Humanist, May, 2005, "Humanist Profile: Edward O. Wilson 1999 Humanist of the Year."

Kansas City Star, November 10, 2005, "Author Criticizes Intelligent Design."

Kirkus Reviews, November 15, 2001, review of The Future of Life, p. 1605; July 1, 2006, review of The Creation, p. 671.

Kliatt, September, 2002, Pat Dole, review of The Future of Life, p. 60.

Lancet, July 8, 2006, "Book: A Wilsonian Worldview," p. 110.

Library Journal, January, 2002, Gregg Sapp, review of The Future of Life, p. 147; June 15, 2002, I. Pour-El, review of The Future of Life, p. 112; April 15, 2006, Gregg Sapp, review of Naure Revealed: Selected Writings, 1949-2006, p. 104.

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, January 16, 2002, review of The Future of Life.

National Geographic, May, 2006, "Edward O. Wilson: From Ants, Onward," p. 32; August, 2006, "Ants: The Civilized Insect," p. 136.

New Statesman, April 29, 2002, "Eating People Is Wrong," p. 46; July 22, 2002, "When the Forests Go, Shall We Be Alone? Some Scientists Think That, as It Destroys Other Species, Humanity Will Leave the Age of Mammals for the Era of Solitude. But John Gray Expects Something Far Worse," p. 27.

Newsweek, June 22, 1998, "Why Wilson's Wrong," p. 61; June 22, 1998, Geoffrey Cowley, "Wilson's World," p. 59; September 18, 2006, Jerry Adler, "Environment: All God's Creatures," p. 14.

New York Times, May 2, 1998, "Now a Warm Welcome Instead of a Cold Bath"; May 12, 1998, Nicholas Wade, "Scientist at Work: Edward O. Wilson; from Ants to Ethics: A Biologist Dreams of Unity of Knowledge."

New York Times Book Review, February 17, 2002, "Of Mites and Men: E.O. Wilson Believes There Is Still Time to Make the World Safe for Biodiversity," p. 11; February 24, 2002, review of The Future of Life, p. 18; June 2, 2002, review of The Future of Life, p. 26; March 23, 2003, Scott Veale, review of The Future of Life, p. 24; September 10, 2006, "God Is Green," p. 9.

Nieman Reports, spring, 1997, "E.O. Wilson's Last Class."

Odyssey, January, 2003, "Evolution and Religion?," p. 18; April, 2007, "Alabama Wilson and the Zombies of the Crawling Brain," p. 13; April, 2007, "Ants Rule! Who Rules in the Natural World? Sharks? Tigers? Gorillas? or … Ants?," p. 16; April, 2007, "E.O. Wilson Boy Naturalist," p. 6; April, 2007, "Edward O. Wilson: Friend and Fellow Ant Man," p. 10; April, 2007, "Edward O. Wilson: Turn off the IPod … Tune in to Nature," p. 34.

OnEarth, fall, 2002, Philip Connors, review of The Future of Life.

PR Newswire, June 22, 2006, "The E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation Begins Activities with Central Park BioBlitz 2006, Presented and Sponsored with the Explorers Club."

Publishers Weekly, June 10, 1996, review of In Search of Nature, p. 77; December 17, 2001, review of The Future of Life, p. 73; December 17, 2001, "PW Talks with E.O. Wilson," p. 74; May 6, 2002, review of The Future of Life, p. 23; June 12, 2006, review of The Creation, p. 39.

Reason, December, 1999, Michael Ruse, review of Sociobiology, p. 20.

Rq, summer, 1997, "Social Insects: The Other Great Societies."

Science, January 10, 1997, Jose Sarukhan, review of Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, p. 175; January 18, 2002, Norman Myers, review of The Future of Life, p. 447.

Science News, April 27, 2002, review of The Future of Life, p. 271; April 22, 2006, review of Nature Revealed: Selected Writings, 1949-2006, p. 255; September 2, 2006, review of The Creation, p. 159.

SciTech Book News, June, 2006, review of Nature Revealed; December, 2006, review of The Creation.

Skeptic, spring, 1999, "Sociobiology Evolutionary Psychology."

Time, April 26, 2000, "A Century of Heroes," p. 54; August 20, 2001, "E.O. Wilson: From Ants to Sociobiology to Biodiversity—One of the Great Careers in 20th Century Science," p. 58; April 10, 2006, "Who Should Be among This Year's Picks for the TIME 100?," p. 13.

Traffic, January, 2006, "The Behaviour of the Species," p. 227.

Vital Speeches of the Day, February 15, 2001, "The Ecological Footprint," p. 274.

Washington Post, June 11, 1998, Ken Ringle, review of Sociobiology.

World Watch, May 1, 1996, "Naturalist," p. 36.