LANDSBERGIS, VYTAUTAS

(b. 1932), Lithuanian musicologist and political leader.

Vytautas Landsbergis, a musicologist by training, emerged as a political leader in Lithuania in the fall of 1988. One of the founding members of the Movement for Perestroika in Lithuania, better known as Sajudis, he quickly became one of the Sajudis Initiative Group's most prominent public spokespersons. In the fall of 1988 he became Sajudis's President when the organization began openly to advocate political goals and to demand the restitution of the independent Lithuanian state. In 1989 he won note throughout the Soviet Union as a deputy in the Soviet Congress of People's Deputies, where he led the campaign to force the Soviet government to recognize the existence of the Secret Protocols to the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of August 23, 1939, and to renounce them as having been immoral. As an uncompromising Lithuanian leader, he became one of Mikhail Gorbachev's best-known political opponents, and for a time he found common cause with Gorbachev's major Russian opponent, Boris Yeltsin.

In March 1990, after Sajudis had won an over-whelming majority in the elections to the Lithuanian parliament, Landsbergis was elected President of the Supreme Council's Presidium, and as such became the Lithuanian chief of state. On March 11, 1990, the Supreme Council proclaimed Lithuania's reestablishment as an independent state, and Landsbergis focused on Lithuania's drive to win international recognition of its independence. Toward this goal he followed a policy of harsh confrontation with the Soviet government, and he traveled widely abroad seeking support. Posing the question of Lithuanian independence as a moral more than a political issue, he appealed to world public opinion over the heads of what he saw as unresponsive foreign governments. In January 1991, when Soviet troops seized key buildings in Vilnius, Landsbergis remained at his office in the parliament and became the prime symbol of Lithuanian resistance to Soviet rule.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the fall of 1991, Landsbergis's political fortunes began to wane, although he continued to be a popular figure among Lithuanian émigrés in the United States, from whom he received considerable moral and financial support. A referendum aimed at strengthening his authority failed in the spring of 1992, and in the fall he was forced out of office by the overwhelming victory of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor Party (the former Communist Party) in the elections to the new parliament, now called the Seimas. For the next four years, Landsbergis held the post of Leader of the Opposition. In 1996, after the victory of his political party, the Homeland Union, in parliamentary elections, he became President of the Presidium of the Seimas, a post he held until new elections in 2000. In 1997 he failed in his bid to become President of the Republic.

See also: lithuania and lithuanians; nationalism in the soviet union

bibliography

Landsbergis, Vytautas. (2000). Lithuania Independent Again. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Lieven, Anatole. (1993). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Senn, Alfred Erich. (1995). Gorbachev's Failure in Lithuania. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Alfred Erich Senn