Robert Mills

Robert Mills (1781-1855), American architect, helped popularize the Greek revival style in the United States.

Robert Mills was born in Charleston, S.C., on Aug. 12, 1781. He studied at Charleston College. After moving to Washington, D.C., in 1800, he became an apprentice of the builder-architect James Hoban. Shortly thereafter Mills met Thomas Jefferson, who brought him to Monticello to study architecture and in 1804 sent him on a tour of the eastern states to visit new construction.

Mills worked for Benjamin H. Latrobe, architect of the Capitol, from 1804 to 1808. Concurrently, Mills began his own practice, designing Sansom Street Church in Philadelphia (1804) with a circular auditorium and covering dome, the first church dome in America. In 1808 he established his own practice as an architect and engineer in Philadelphia. Here he built row houses (1809), a Unitarian church (1811-1813), wings on Independence Hall (1812), and the Upper Ferry Bridge (1812; destroyed), whose single arch spanning 360 feet was the longest in the world. His designs for the prison at Burlington, N.J. (1808), several fine houses in Richmond, Va., and courthouses in many southern cities spread his fame and the Greek revival style. His best-known early work is the Washington Monument in Baltimore (1814-1829).

In 1817 Mills moved to Baltimore. He designed churches and became chief engineer for the city waterworks. His Treatise on Inland Navigation (1820) demonstrated his competence in the important field of transportation. He returned to Charleston in 1820 and worked for a decade on public buildings. He designed the State Hospital for the Insane in Columbia (1822) and the fireproof Record Building in Charleston (1822). He also wrote three important treatises: Internal Improvement of South Carolina (1822), The Atlas of the State of South Carolina (1825), and Statistics of South Carolina (1826).

Mills was back in Washington, D.C., in 1830. He published two more useful books: The American Pharos, or Lighthouse Guide (1832) and A Guide to the Capitol of the United States (1834). From 1836 until 1851 he was the official "architect of public buildings." He erected the new Treasury Building (1836-1839), the Patent Office (1836-1840), and the Post Office (1839), monumental works featuring classical colonnades, porticoes, and decorations. The Patent Office is Greek Doric, like the Parthenon in Athens, and the Treasury colonnade is lonic, copying the Erechtheum in Athens. In 1836 Mills won the competition for the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., but construction did not begin until 1848 and was not completed until 1884.

Further Reading

One work on Mills is H. M. Pierce Gallagher, Robert Mills: Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855 (1935), which offers new information but is not definitive. Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America (1944), devotes half a chapter to Mills, postulating that Mills and William Strickland, both pupils of Latrobe, brought the Greek revival style to maturity.

Additional Sources

Liscombe, R. W., Altogether American: Robert Mills, architect and engineer, 1781-1855, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. □

Mills, Robert (1781–1855). American architect, a protégé of Jefferson, he worked with Hoban and assisted Latrobe on the Capitol, Washington, DC (1803–8). After Latrobe sent him to Philadelphia to oversee the building of some houses and the Bank of Philadelphia in 1807–8, Mills set up his own practice there. Washington Hall, Philadelphia (1809–16), was in a severe Neo-Classical style worthy of Ledoux, while the circular Sansom Street Baptist Church (1811–12) and Octagon Unitarian Church (1812–13) drew on an eclectic collection of sources. At the Monumental Church, Richmond, VA (1812–17), there was a centralized octagonal plan with a massive porch featuring distyle in antis (see anta) unfluted Greek Doric columns based on those of the temple of Apollo at Delos, a robust design worthy of Latrobe. This Doric Order was again used for the Washington Monument, Baltimore, MD (1814–42), where he designed many buildings.

Mills is best known for his monumental architecture in Washington, DC. These include the vast obelisk of the Washington National Monument (1833–84), the great stoa-fronted Ionic Treasury Building (1836–42), the Doric Patent Office Building (1836–40—now the National Portrait Gallery), and the Corinthian Old Post Office (1839–42). It is clear he was a competent Greek Revivalist. One of his best buildings was the Lunatic Asylum, Columbia, SC (1821–7), in the Greek Doric style with south-facing wards and a complete absence of the forbidding severity usually associated with such institutions. He designed several customs-houses and was a pioneer of fire-resistant construction.

Bibliography

Bryan (1976);
Gallagher (1935);
Hamlin (1964);
Hitchcock (1977);
Pierson & and Jordy (1970–86);
Placzek (ed.) (1982);
Jane Turner (1996);
Whiffen & and Koeper (1983);
Windsor-Liscombe (1985, 1994)