BROKEN BLOSSOMS

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USA, 1919

Director: D. W. Griffith

Production: D. W. Griffith Inc.; black and white, 35mm, silent; running time: about 95 minutes; length: 6 reels. Released 1919 through United Artists. Filmed December 1918 and January 1919; cost: $88,000.

Producer: D. W. Griffith; scenario: D. W. Griffith, from the story "The Chink and the Child" by Thomas Burke; photography: G. W. Bitzer; editor: James Smith; music: Louis F. Gottschalk; special effects: Hendrick Sartov.

Cast: Lillian Gish (Lucy, the Girl); Richard Barthelmess (Cheng Huan); Donald Crisp (Battling Burrows); Arthur Howard (Burrows's Manager); Edward Peil (Evil Eye); George Beranger (The Spying One); Norman Selby or "Kid McCoy" (A Prize Fighter); George Nicholls (London Policeman); Moon Kwan (Buddhist monk).

Publications

Books:

Paine, Albert Bigelow, Life and Lillian Gish, New York, 1932.

Wagenknecht, Edward, The Movies in the Age of Innocence, Norman, Oklahoma, 1962.

Barry, Iris, D. W. Griffith: American Film Master, New York, 1965.

Mitry, Jean, "Griffith," in Anthologie de cinéma, Paris, 1966.

Gish, Lillian, with Ann Pinchot, The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1969.

O'Dell, Paul, Griffith and the Rise of Hollywood, New York, 1970.

Hart, James, editor, The Man Who Invented Cinema: The Autobiography of D. W. Griffith, Louisville, Kentucky, 1972.

Henderson, Robert, D. W. Griffith: His Life and Work, New York, 1972.

Bitzer, G. W., Billy Bitzer: His Story, New York, 1973.

Brown, Karl, Adventures with D. W. Griffith, edited by Kevin Brownlow, New York and London 1973; revised edition, 1988.

Gish, Lillian, Dorothy and Lillian Gish, New York, 1973.

Pratt, George C., Spellbound in Darkness, Connecticut, 1973.

Wagenknecht, Edward, and Anthony Slide, The Films of D. W.Griffith, New York, 1975.

Affron, Charles, Star Acting: Gish, Garbo, Davis, New York, 1977.

Williams, Martin, Griffith: First Artist of the Movies, New York, 1980.

Giannetti, Louis, Masters of the American Cinema, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1981.

Brion, Patrick, editor, D. W. Griffith, Paris, 1982.

Andrew, Dudley, Film in the Aura of Art, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984.

Mottet, Jean, editor, D. W. Griffith, Paris, 1984.

Schickel, Richard, D. W. Griffith and the Birth of Film, London, 1984.

Graham, Cooper C., and others, D.W. Griffith and the BiographCompany, Metuchen, New Jersey, 1985.

Jesionowski, Joyce E., Thinking in Pictures: Dramatic Structures inD. W. Griffith's Biograph Films, Berkeley, 1987.

Lang, Robert, American Film Melodrama: Griffith, Vidor, Minnelli, New Jersey, 1989.

Elsaesser, Thomas, and Adam Barker, editors, Early Cinema: Space-Frame-Narrative, London, 1990.

Gunning, Tom, D.W. Griffith and the Origins of American NarrativeFilm: The Early Years at Biograph, Urbana, Illinois, 1991.

Pearson, Roberta E., Eloquent Gestures: The Transformation ofPerformance Style in the Griffith Biograph Films, Berkeley, 1992.

Simmon, Scott, The Films of D.W. Griffith, Cambridge and New York, 1993.

Articles:

New York Times, 14 May 1919.

Variety (New York), 18 May 1919.

Mayer, A. L., "The Origins of United Artists," in Films in Review (New York), August-September 1959.

Tozzi, Romano, "Lillian Gish," in Films in Review (New York), December 1962.

Mitchell, George J., "Billy Bitzer—Pioneer and Innovator," in American Cinematographer (Hollywood), December 1964 and January 1965.

Griffith issue, in Film Culture (New York), Spring-Summer 1965.

Meyer, Richard, "The Films of David Wark Griffith: The Development of Themes and Techniques in 42 of His Films," in FilmComment (New York), Fall-Winter 1967.

Bowser, Eileen, and Iris Barry, in Film Notes, New York, 1969.

Amengual, Barthélémy, "Quelques remarques sur Le Lys brisé," in Cahiers du Cinéma (Paris), Spring, 1972.

Casty, Alan, "The Films of D. W. Griffith," in Journal of PopularCulture (Bowling Green, Ohio), Spring 1972.

Lenning, Arthur, "D. W. Griffith and the Making of an Unconventional Masterpiece," in Film Journal (New York), Fall-Winter 1972.

Bracourt, G., in Ecran (Paris), February 1973.

"Griffith Issue" of Films in Review (New York), October 1975.

Combs, Richard, in Monthly Film Bulletin (London), November 1975.

Kepley, Jr., Vance, Jr., "Griffith's Broken Blossoms and the Problem of Historical Specificity," in Quarterly Review of Film Studies (Pleasantville, New York), Winter 1978.

Lesage, Julia, "Broken Blossoms: Artful Racism, Artful Rape," in Jump Cut (Chicago), 1981.

Andrew, Dudley, "Broken Blossoms: The Art and Eros of a Perverse Text," in Quarterly Review of Film Studies (Pleasantville, New York), Winter 1981.

Browne, Nick, "Griffith's Family Discourse: Griffith and Freud," in Quarterly Review of Film Studies (Pleasantville, New York), Winter 1981.

Lynn, K. S., "The Torment of D. W. Griffith," in American Scholar (Washington, D.C.), no. 2, 1990.

Vanoye, Francis, "Rhétorique de la douleur," in Vertigo, no. 6–7, 1991.

Merritt, R., "In and Around Broken Blossoms," in Griffithiana (Gemona, Italy), October 1993.

Flitterman-Lewis, S., "The Blossom and the Bole: Narrative and Visual Spectacle in Early Film Melodrama," in Cinema Journal (Austin, Texas), vol. 33, no. 3, 1994.

DeCroix, R., and J. L. Limbacher, "In Memory of Lillian Gish (1893–1993): First Lady of American Cinema," in Journal ofPopular Film and Television (Washington, D.C.), vol. 22, no. 2, Summer 1994.

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Broken Blossoms is Griffith's most intricate film, a delicate mood piece that is set within a sharply confined space and delimited amount of time. The film opened to critical acclaim in this country with reviewers responding particularly to Lillian Gish's bravura performance and Henrick Sartov's soft-focus photography. Its most profound effect, however, was felt by European filmmakers. In France, where the film premiered in 1921, it became something of a cult object. French impressionist directors like Louis Delluc, Marcel L'Herbier, and Germaine Dullac tried consciously to emulate its stylized lighting and atmospheric effects. As Vance Kepley stated, "Broken Blossoms may have been to the early French experimenters what Intolerance was to the Soviets." Louis Moussinac summed up the admiration French filmmakers felt for Griffith's film: "C'est le chef-d'oeuvre du cinema dramatique."

Broken Blossoms came as something of a surprise to critics who knew Griffith only through The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, or his World War I extravaganza, Hearts of the World. In fact, this modest film shot in 18 days on a shoe-string budget, was at first considered box office poison. When Griffith approached Paramount to distribute the film as a special, Adolph Zukor unhesitatingly turned him down. "Everybody in it dies," he wrote. Mindful of the recent failure of Nazimova's The Red Lantern and Sessue Hayakawa's waning popularity, Zukor concluded that the brief vogue for film chinoiserie had passed and was eager to let Griffith distribute it himself. Griffith paid Zukor $250,000 for it, and eventually released it through the newly formed United Artists; dressed up with an elaborate live prologue, three separate orchestras and choirs, and a specially tinted screen, the film garnered a small fortune.

Today, the film's critical stock is soaring: Broken Blossoms is widely regarded as Griffith's masterpiece, eclipsing even his better known epics. Lillian Gish's masterful performance aside, critics have been especially impressed by the formal sophistication and narrative complexity of Griffith's film. It is, above all, a film marked by terrific compression. The concentration of time and space gives characters, objects, and decor sustained metaphorical power that is never dissipated. Just as skillful is the dramatic structure which gives the impression of simple straightforwardness while camouflaging an intricate intertwining of expository and narrative sequences.

Thematically, the film is perhaps Griffith's most adventurous work. Susan Sontag has called Griffith "an intellect of supreme vulgarity and even inanity," whose work ordinarily reeks of fervid moralizing about sexuality and violence. But in Broken Blossoms he lowers his guard, nearly breaching his cherished Victorian convictions. Activities obviously taboo in The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance—a racially mixed love affair, auto-eroticism, opium eating, sado-masochism, revenge killing—are transformed here into sensually satisfying pastimes that resonate in dangerously nonconformist ways. For once in Griffith's work, racial bigotry is a target for reproach. The few citations to post-war 1919 American culture, far from catering to the rampant xenophobia and mood of self-congratulation, hint at the dark side of American provincialism. The glancing references to munition workers, American sailors, and First World War battles illustrate the west's penchant for self-destructiveness and violence.

—Russell Merritt