TOWNE, Robert

Writer. Nationality: American. Born: Los Angeles, 23 November 1935. Education: Attended Pomona State College, California; studied acting with Jeff Corey. Family: Two daughters. Military Service: U.S. Army. Career: Sold real estate and worked as a commercial fisherman; 1960—first film as writer, The Last Woman on Earth; then worked as script doctor and for TV; 1970–71—negotiator between San Pedro tuna fishermen and environmentalists. Awards: Academy Award and Writers Guild Award, for Chinatown, 1974; British Academy Award, for Chinatown and The Last Detail, 1974; Writers Guild Award, for Shampoo, 1975. Agent: Contemporary Artists Agency, 9830 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, U.S.A.

Films as Writer:

1960

The Last Woman on Earth (Corman) (+ ro)

1965

The Tomb of Ligeia (Corman)

1967

Bonnie and Clyde (Penn) (consultant)

1968

Villa Rides (Kulik) (co)

1973

The Last Detail (Ashby)

1974

Chinatown (Polanski)

1975

Shampoo (Ashby) (co); The Yakuza (Pollack) (co)

1982

Personal Best (+ d)

1984

Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (Hudson) (credited as P. H. Vazak)

1988

Tequila Sunrise (+ d)

1990

Days of Thunder (T. Scott); The Two Jakes (Nicholson) (from original characters)

1993

The Firm (co) (Pollack)

1994

Love Affair (co) (Caron)

1996

Mission: Impossible (co) (De Palma)

1998

Without Limits (+ d); Armageddon (Bay) (additional writing [uncredited])

1999

Mission: Impossible II (Woo)

Film as Producer:

1987

The Bedroom Window (Hanson) (exec pr)

Film as Actor:

1987

The Pick-Up Artist (Toback) (as Stan)

Publications

By TOWNE: articles—

American Film (Washington, D.C.), December 1976.

In The Craft of the Screenwriter by John Brady, New York, 1981.

Time Out (London), 1–7 July 1983.

Towne, Robert, "On Moving Pictures," in Scenario (US), vol 1, no.1, Winter, 1995.

"I Wanna Make it Like Real Life," interview with Hadani Ditmars, in Sight and Sound (London), vol.9, no. 2, February 1999.

On TOWNE: articles—

Sragow, Michael, "Ghost Writers Unraveling the Enigma of Movie Authorship," in Film Comment (New York), March-April 1983.

Bellman, Joel, in American Screenwriters, 2nd series, edited by Randall Clark, Detroit, 1986.

Sight and Sound (London), Autumn 1986.

American Film (Washington, D.C.), January/February 1989.

Film Comment (New York), November/December 1990.

Engel, Joel, in Screenwriters on Screenwriting, New York, 1995.

The main characters in Robert Towne's technically impeccable scripts are outsiders flirting with coming in from the cold. Jack Nicholson's J. J. Gittes in Chinatown; Warren Beatty's George in Shampoo; Mariel Hemingway's Chris, the novice athlete, and Patrice Donnelly's Tory, the veteran, in Personal Best; the two petty officers, Otis Young's Mulhall and Jack Nicholson's unruly Buddusky, and their childlike prisoner, Meadows (Randy Quaid), in The Last Detail; Christopher Lambert's Tarzan in Greystoke; Robert Mitchum's American hero and his Japanese cohort (Ken Takakura) in The Yakuza—these are characters living on the fringe. Towne's misfit protagonists are caught at society's margins, and his screenplays find them at the moment when they confront the mainstream. The overarching sadness at the end of Towne's scripts has to do with their remaining on the outside, having realized that is where they belong. As with Tarzan in Greystoke, their inability to be integrated into the system only underscores their dignity and the hollowness of society. All the characters above, as well as Bonnie and Clyde, Vito Corleone in his twilight days in The Godfather, and Michael Corleone contemplating vengeance, are all figures as alien to "civilization" as Tarzan.

One of the major changes Towne made in adapting Darryl Ponicsan's novel The Last Detail for the screen concerned stripping away Buddusky's eccentricities, eliminating his closet intellectualism and his beautiful wife. Shaped in the mold of a typical Towne protagonist, Buddusky could not get off Towne's existential hook: he could not, as the book's character could, retreat into ideas, nor take any comfort from the fact that waiting at the end of this detail was a pretty wife. And Towne's decision to alter the ending so that Buddusky does not die makes him a lonely survivor rather than a martyr. Like J. J. Gittes, he ends up wrapped in solitude. Towne's heroes are characters for whom neat dramatic resolutions do not exist. Tarzan remains a "wild man." George, the notorious ladies' man, is the odd man out at the conclusion of Shampoo. Tory, who got Chris a place on the track team and gave her support, love, and consolation, is left far behind at the end of Personal Best.

Towne gained fame in Hollywood as a consummate "script doctor," a writer who could fix ailing scripts of films already in production. Among his most noted house calls is an on-the-set revision of Bonnie and Clyde. But his most famous doctoring is the patio scene he wrote for The Godfather. The scene, between the retired Don Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando) and his son Michael (Al Pacino), who has taken over the family business, is a key one in the film. Technically, it was a difficult scene to write (there was no comparable scene in the book) because it had to do two things at once. As an exposition scene, it had to provide the audience with crucial information about an upcoming betrayal and attempt on Michael's life. Moreover, director Francis Ford Coppola wanted a scene where, as he put it, father and son "say they love each other." Towne's solution was brilliant. He placed the scene's hard information—who the Corleones' enemies were, how and when they would try to assassinate Michael—at the beginning and end. In between he wrote a tender encounter between father and son, as touching as it was universal. It subtly showed the transfer of power and hinted at the Don's senility and Michael's self-doubt. More importantly, it gave Don Corleone the opportunity to speak about his failed dreams. As powerful as he is, Don Corleone is a father who like many fathers has regrets about how his children's lives turned out. "There wasn't enough time, Michael," Don Corleone says, thinking of things that will never be and expressing feelings any parent could sympathize with, "there just wasn't enough time."

In Robert Towne's screenwriting career, The Godfather's patio scene is one in a series of telling, bittersweet moments. Towne's is a dark, uncaring world, but one of the things that makes his vision so penetrating is that it is so complete. In the Towne universe, life may be mostly hopeless, but not completely so. The scenes that stand out in relief amidst the bleakness are those in which a glimmer of hope shines through, where one character shows another some warmth and kindness. In The Last Detail it is the glance exchanged by Buddusky and Mulhall when they almost let Meadows escape. In Personal Best it is Chris's encouragement of Tory at the climactic Olympic trials. In Chinatown it is Mrs. Mulwray's attempt to get her sister-daughter out of the clutches of her father and Gittes's fumbling attempts to help. In Shampoo it is Jack Warden's puffed-up character of Lester forgiving, accepting, and proposing to his mistress (Julie Christie). And it is George's awkward but moving explanation of his philandering to Jill (Goldie Hawn) when he says, "I go into an elevator or walk down the street and see a pretty girl, and that's it: It makes my day. I can't help it. I feel like I'm gonna live forever. Maybe it means I don't love them, and maybe it means I don't love you, but nobody's gonna tell me I don't like them very much." In Greystoke it is Tarzan's grandfather (Ralph Richardson) embracing his long-lost heir.

Towne's outsiders are not allowed in, but, ultimately, they never really wanted in—they adhere to a code society will not honor. That the outsider-insider gulf cannot be bridged, that person-to-person goodness is so rare, is not the result of evil in Towne's screenplays; it is the very root of evil. But along the way his characters do encounter some goodness, and the fact that it is present at all is considerable consolation. Towne's characters exist to bear witness to the ongoing—but all too fleeting—presence of goodness.

—Charles Ramírez Berg

Towne, Robert 1934–

(P. H. Vazak, Edward Wain)

PERSONAL

Full name, Robert Burton Towne; born November 23, 1934, in Los Angeles, CA; son of Lou (a real estate developer) and Helen Towne; married Julie Payne (an actress), November 1977 (divorced, c. 1981); married Luisa Gaule, c. 1985; children: (first marriage) Katharine Payne; (second marriage) Chiara Gaule. Education: Studied philosophy and literature at Pomona State College; studied acting with Jeff Corey.

Addresses: Agent—Creative Artists Agency, 9830 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90212.

Career: Screenwriter, director, producer, and actor. Also worked as a real estate agent and commercial fisherman. Military service: U.S. Army.

Awards, Honors: Academy Award nomination, best screenplay based on material from another medium, 1973, Writers Guild of American Award (screen) nomination, best drama adapted from another medium, 194, Film Award, best screenplay, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, 1975, all for The Last Detail; Academy Award, best original screenplay, 1974, Golden Globe Award, best screenplay—motion picture, Film Award, best screenplay, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, Edgar Allan Poe Award, best movie, Writer Guild of America Award (screen), best drama written directly for the screen, 1975, all for Chinatown; Academy Award nomination (with Warren Beatty), best original screenplay, National Society of Film Critics Award (with Beatty), best screenplay, 1975, Writers Guild of America Award (screen)(with Beatty), best comedy written directly for the screen, 1976, all for Shampoo; Academy Award nomination (with Michael Austin), best screenplay based on material from another medium, 1984, Writers Guild of America Award (screen) nomination (with Austin), best screenplay based on material from another medium, both for Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes; Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement, Writers Guild of America, 1997; Film Excellence Award, Boston Film Festival, 1998; Hollywood Discovery Awards, outstanding achievement in cinematography and outstanding achievement in screenwriting, Hollywood Film Festival, 2002.

CREDITS

Film Work:

Second assistant director, The Young Racers, 1963.

Producer and director, Personal Best, Warner Bros., 1982.

Executive producer, The Bedroom Window, De Laurentis Entertainment Group, 1987.

Director, Tequila Sunrise, Warner Bros., 1988.

Story consultant, Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland, 1990.

Director and producer, Without Limits, Warner Bros., 1998.

Director, Ask the Dust, Paramount, 2005.

Director, The 39 Steps, 2005.

Script consultant, Mission: Impossible III (also known as M:I-3), Paramount, 2006.

Film Appearances:

(As Edward Wain) Martin Joyce, The Last Woman on Earth, Filmgroup, 1960.

(As Edward Wain) Sparks Moran, Agent XK150, and narrator, The Creature from the Haunted Sea, Filmgroup, 1961.

Third man in bar, The Zodiac Killer, 1971.

Richard, Drive, He Said, Columbia, 1971.

(Uncredited) Party guest, Shampoo, 1975.

Stan, The Pick-Up Artist, Twentieth Century-Fox, 1987.

Himself, Chinatown Revisited with Roman Polanski, Robert Evans and Robert Towne (documentary short film), Paramount Home Video, 1999.

Himself, Behind the Mission: The Making of "M:I-2" (documentary short film; also known as Behind the Mission: The Making of "Mission: Impossible II"), Paramount Home Video, 2000.

Himself, A Decade under the Influence (documentary), IFC Films, 2003.

(Uncredited) Professor Dates, Suspect Zero, Paramount, 2004.

Television Appearances; Miniseries:

Cadillac Desert (documentary), PBS, 1997.

Television Appearances; Specials:

The 47th Annual Academy Awards, NBC, 1975.

AFI's 100 Years … 100 Movies, CBS, 1998.

Billy Wilder: The Human Comedy, PBS, 1998.

Himself, Playing the Field: Sports and Sex in America (documentary), HBO, 2000.

Himself, Reel Radicals: The Sixties Revolution in Film (documentary), AMC, 2002.

Himself, Rescued from the Closet (documentary), AMC, 2002.

Himself, AFI's 100 Years … 100 Heroes & Villains (also known as AFI's 100 Years, 100 Heroes & Villains: America's Greatest Screen Characters), CBS, 2003.

Television Appearances; Episodic:

American Cinema, PBS, 1995.

WRITINGS

Screenplays:

(As Edward Wain) The Last Woman on Earth, Filmgroup, 1960.

My Daddy Can Lick Your Daddy, 1962.

The Tomb of Ligeia (also known as Tomb of the Cat, Ligeia, Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tomb of Ligeia," and Last Tomb of Ligeia), American International, 1965.

(With Sam Peckinpah) Villa Rides, Paramount, 1968.

The Last Detail, Columbia, 1973.

Chinatown, Paramount, 1974.

(With Warren Beatty) Shampoo, Columbia, 1975.

(With Paul Schrader) The Yakuza (also known as Brotherhood of Yakuza), Warner Bros./Toei, 1975.

Personal Best, Warner Bros., 1982.

(As P. H. Vazak; with Michael Austin) Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, Warner Bros., 1984.

The Bedroom Window, De Laurentis Entertainment Group, 1987.

Tequila Sunrise, Warner Bros., 1988.

The Two Jakes, Paramount, 1990.

Days of Thunder (based on a story by Towne and Tom Cruise), Paramount, 1990.

(With David Rabe and David Rayfiel) The Firm, Paramount, 1993.

(With Beatty) Love Affair, Warner Bros., 1994.

(With David Koepp) Mission Impossible (also known as Mission: Impossible), Paramount, 1996.

(With Kenneth Moore) Without Limits, Warner Bros., 1998.

Mission: Impossible 2 (also known as M:I-2 and Mission: Impossible II), Paramount, 2000.

Ask the Dust, 2005.

The 39 Steps, Paramount, 2005.

Script Doctor; Uncredited:

The Creature from the Haunted Sea, Filmgroup, 1961.

A Time for Killing, Columbia, 1967.

(Credited as "special consultant") Bonnie and Clyde, Warner Bros., 1967.

Cisco Pike, Columbia, 1971.

Drive, He Said, 1971.

Mario Puzo's The Godfather, Paramount, 1972.

Cisco Pike, 1972.

The New Centurions (also known as Precinct 45: Los Angeles Police), 1972.

The Parallax View, 1974.

Missouri Breaks, 1976.

Marathon Man, Paramount, 1977.

Orca (also known as The Killer Whale and Orca: The Killer Whale), 1977.

Heaven Can Wait, 1978.

Reds, 1981.

Swing Shift, Warner Bros., 1984.

Eight Million Ways to Die, TriStar, 1986.

Tough Guys Don't Dance, 1987.

Frantic, Warner Bros., 1988.

Armageddon, Buena Vista, 1998.

Television Episodes:

The Lloyd Bridges Show (four episodes), CBS, 1962–63.

"The Chameleon," The Outer Limits, ABC, 1964.

"The Dove Affair," The Man from U.N.C.L.E., NBC, 1964.

"So Many Pretty Girls, So Little Time," Breaking Point, ABC, 1964.

The Richard Boone Show, NBC, 1964.

Other Writings:

"A Screenwriter on Screenwriting," Anatomy of the Movies, Macmillan, 1981.

OTHER SOURCES

Books:

International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers: Volume 4: Writers and Production Artists, 4th edition, St. James Press, 2000.

Periodicals:

American Film, January/February, 1989.

Entertainment Weekly, September 18, 1998, p. 21.

Esquire, July, 1991, p. 86.