Hart, Alan L.

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HART, Alan L.

HART, Alan L. (b. 4 October 1890; d. 1 July 1962), physician, novelist.

Alan Lucill Hart, public health physician and man of letters, inspired scores of transgender activists with his story of courage and adaptation in the face of adversity. Public attention was first brought to Hart's extraordinary life with the 1976 publication of Jonathan Ned Katz's Gay American History. Katz reprinted Hart's autobiographical account, which had first been published in 1920 by Hart's psychiatrist and professor, Dr. Joshua Allen Gilbert, as a case study of female sexual inversion. In his second book, published in 1983, Katz revealed the later identity of Lucille Hart as Dr. Alan L. Hart, a successful physician, author of four novels, and married man. Years before Christine Jorgensen, Hart had used modern medical surgery to assist in his own gender transformation. Forced to hide this transformation during his own lifetime, Hart was retrospectively validated during the 1990s through a reinterpretation that shifted his identity from lesbian lover to transgender hero.

Hart was born Lucille Alberta Hart in Halls Summit, Kansas, the daughter of Alan L. Hart and Edna Bamford. In 1891 Hart's father, a successful merchant in Halls Summit, died in a typhoid fever epidemic, forcing Hart's mother to return to her native Oregon to raise her child. Mrs. Hart remarried, and the young Lucille spent the remainder of her childhood and teenage years in Albany, Oregon.

While a student at Albany College, Hart carried on a number of love affairs with women; delighted in all masculine pursuits, including driving automobiles; and was an accomplished debater and writer for the school newspaper and yearbook. Hart attended Stanford University, and in 1917 graduated top in his class from the University of Oregon Medical College. The university yearbook is the first public document that reveals Hart's use of the male persona "Alan Lucill Hart." Around the summer of 1917, Hart underwent a hysterectomy and began a final transformation to manhood. A professor of Hart's later wrote, "she entered a hospital at Berkeley, submitted to certain operational procedures, and emerged, an authentic male being" (Gilbert, p. 317). Upon returning to Albany, Hart paid a visit to the editor of the Albany Democrat-Herald and "announced that he was no longer [Lucille] but Allan [sic], and was to be addressed and referred to with the proper designative 'Mr' " (William G. Thatcher, "Oregon Authors I Have Known," 1953, p. 36).

In February 1918 Dr. Hart eloped with a Portland schoolteacher, Inez Stark, to Martinez, California, where he obtained a marriage license using a fictitious name. The couple moved to the tiny fishing village of Gardiner on the Oregon coast, where Hart intended to take over another man's medical practice. Their residence was short-lived. While newspaper accounts indicate that Hart left due to influenza, there is ample evidence to suggest that he had been recognized by a former medical college acquaintance from Portland, and as Gilbert noted in his article, "the hounding process began, which our modern social organization can carry on to such perfection and refinement against her own members" (p. 317).

Hart obtained a legal divorce from his wife in 1925 after she deserted him, and a few months later on 15 May 1925 married Edna "Ruddy" Ruddick at the Episcopalian Church of the Transfiguration in New York City.

Over the next twenty years Hart lived in twelve locations across the United States from Huntley, Montana, where he engaged in a general medical practice, to Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he found work in a tuberculosis sanitarium. In 1928 he obtained a master's degree in radiology from the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1948 he received a master's of public health degree from Yale University. In the 1930s Hart spoke frequently to community groups across Idaho, and helped coordinate that state's antituberculosis campaign.

Hart's literary career began with the submission of a manuscript based on his experiences as a doctor in Gardiner. W. W. Norton was impressed with the story and published Hart's first novel, Dr. Mallory, in 1935 to some critical acclaim. Hart's second novel, The Undaunted (1936), was the story of a physician working in a research institute to find a cure for pernicious anemia. In the second book, Hart presents a homosexual character as a sympathetic figure—Sandy Farquhar is a radiologist trying to get by in a world that treats him as an outcast. Two more novels and a layman's book about x-rays followed.

During the 1930s and 1940s, Hart promoted his books with speaking engagements at literary clubs and bookstores, and in 1935 he made a radio appearance in Portland, Oregon. While such activities brought Hart public acclaim for his achievements, they also meant risking exposure of his gender transformation. Nonetheless, he largely kept his secret during his lifetime, though his transformation from Lucille to Alan was undoubtedly known to some friends and relatives. It was common gossip in Hart's hometown of Albany, Oregon.

Hart and his second wife settled in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1945 and joined the Unitarian church. Hart served as director of the State Health Department Office of Tuberculosis Control until his death at age seventy-one on 1 July 1962. His remains were cremated and the ashes spread in Olympic National Forest in Washington state.