Gavin Douglas

The Scottish poet, prelate, and courtier Gavin Douglas (ca. 1475-1522) is best known for his vigor ous translation of Virgil's Aenied into Scots, the English of the lowlands of Scotland. He is sometimes listed among the Scottish Chaucerians.

Gavin Douglas was the third son of Archibald "Bellthe-Cat" Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus, a man of distinguished family, very active in court affairs. Little is known about Gavin's early life, but he entered the University of St. Andrews in 1490 and earned a master of arts degree in 1494. He may have studied law at Paris under the distinguished Scottish theologian John Major (or Mair).

Douglas soon rose in ecclesiastical preferment and was appointed provost of St. Giles Church, Edinburgh, about 1501. About this time he wrote The Place of Honor, a poem in the form of a dream vision; in it he emphasizes the difference between worldly honor and true honor before God. He probably spent some time abroad, in England, France, and Italy, during the early years of the 16th century.

Douglas completed his translation of Virgil in July 1513. It includes not only the original 12 books of the Aeneid but also the thirteenth book, composed by Mapheus Vegius in 1428. Douglas wrote a prologue for each book, and these prologues contain interesting material reflecting the critical, philosophical, and moral commonplaces of the time. Rather than translating "word for word," Douglas followed the advice of St. Gregory the Great and translated "meaning for meaning." Moreover, he made Virgil's characters act and speak like his own contemporaries. There are frequent turns of phrase reminiscent of Geoffrey Chaucer. The result is an extremely lively and effective poem that has own high praise from modern critics.

After the disastrous Battle of Flodden in 1513, in which James IV and much of the Scottish nobility, including the elder brothers of Gavin Douglas, perished, Douglas ceased writing poetry and devoted himself to court affairs. The widowed Queen Margaret, who married Douglas's nephew Alexander, assisted him considerably. He was made bishop of Dunkled but was imprisoned for a time in 1515-1516 and could occupy his see only by making a show of force to dislodge another contender for the office. He died in London in 1522.

Further Reading

The Poetical Works of Gavin Douglas was eidted by John Small (4 vols., 1874). A new edition of Douglas's translation of Virgil's Aeneid, with a full introduction, notes, and a glossary, was prepared by David F.C. Coldwell for the Scottish Text Society (4 vols. 1957-1964). The society also issued The Shorter Poems of Gavin Douglas, edited by Priscilla J. Bawcutt (1967). Brief selections are available in Gavin Douglas: A Selection from His Poetry, edited by Sydney Goodsir Smith (1959), and in Selections from Gavin Douglas, edited by David F. C. Coldwell (1964). There is a stimulating discussion of Douglas in C. S. Lewis, English Literature in the Sixteenth Century: Excluding Drama (1954).

Additional Sources

Bawcutt, Priscilla J., Gavin Douglas: a critical study, Edinburgh: University Press, 1976. □

Douglas, Gavin (c.1475–1522). Scottish poet and ecclesiastical politician. A younger son of the 5th earl of Angus, from an early age Douglas pursued an ambitious ecclesiastical career. His failure to secure the archbishopric of St Andrews was only partially compensated for by his appointment as bishop of Dunkeld in 1516, but as uncle of the 6th earl of Angus he played a prominent role in Anglo-Scottish affairs following his nephew's marriage to James IV's widow Margaret Tudor in 1514. His deep but largely unprofitable involvement in political intrigue led to his death (apparently from plague) in English exile, and also prevented him from developing further his considerable poetic gifts. One of the great ‘makars’ of Renaissance Scotland, Douglas's early work The Palice of Honour (1501) was followed by his Eneados (1513), a remarkable Scots verse rendering of Virgil's Aeneid which is his most enduring memorial.

Roger A. Mason

Douglas, Gavin (1475–1522) Scottish medieval poet, important in the emergence of Scots as a distinct language. His rhymed couplet version of Virgil's Aeneid in Scots (1513) was the first translation of a classic into an English-based language. His other surviving work is The Palace of Honour (1553).